基于GIS的云南山区玉米生态适宜性评价方法与应用

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.03.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的作物适宜性评价是进行生产区划的重要手段,本研究拟基于气象、土壤、地形数据,构建适宜山地环境的玉米生态适宜性评价模型和方法。方法在文献系统分析的基础上,遴选18个生态指标构成玉米生态适宜性评价指标体系,气候适宜性评价模型采用作物模型法构建,考虑了玉米生育期和生态效应,其他指标采用隶属度函数法分数值型和概念型分别构建。各因子权重采用专家打分和层次分析法确定,综合权重和适宜性函数构建玉米气候、土壤养分、立地条件、土地管理适宜性评价模型及综合生态适宜性评价模型。评价的数据通过空间分析获得。针对山区耕地的立体分布特点,运用ArcGIS工具综合耕地利用、土壤类型、行政区划划分评价单元,经GIS的插值处理、统计分析,获得各评价单元18个评价指标基础数据,进而运用评价模型对各评价单元进行分类评价和综合生态适宜性评价结果该方法应用于云南省寻甸县,全县耕地共划分为8 415个评价单元,其气候、土壤养分、立地条件、土地管理4个方面适宜以上的面积分别占比58%、86%、42%、90%。生态适宜性综合评价中,高度适宜区和适宜区的面积占比分别为35.4%、50.6%,主要分布在中-东南部低中山丘陵区,中北部金沙江河谷,西部河谷槽区也有小范围的分布;勉强适宜区、不适宜区面积占9.4%和4.6%,主要零星分布在中部以西地区,而在西北部相对集中。结论评价方法考虑了玉米生育期和山区耕地立体分布特点,研究区适宜性区划呈碎片状分布,分布情况与区域生产情况基本相符,气候和立地条件是影响研究区玉米生态适宜性的主要因素。

关键词: GIS, 玉米, 生态适宜性, 评价, 寻甸县

Abstract:

【Objective】 Crop suitability evaluation is an important means for production zoning. This paper developed a new evaluation model of the ecological suitability for maize planted in mountain farmland, according to climatic, soil and topography condition. 【Method】 An evaluation index system of maize ecological suitability were selected after a systematic and comparative analysis of literature reviews, and 18 eco-environment factors were involved in the system. A climate model was established by the method of agricultural modeling based on the climatic conditions of maize growth period and ecological efficiency. The membership function method was used to calculate the suitability index for numerical and conceptual indicator variables, respectively. Expert scoring and analytic hierarchy process were used to determine the weight of each factor. Combining the weights and evaluation function, a new evaluation model was constructed to evaluate the suitability of climate, soil nutrient, site conditions, land management, and comprehensive ecological suitability. According the stereoscopic character of mountain farmland, evaluation units were divided by land using, soil type, and administrative division. The values of 18 indicators were calculated by GIS spatial analysis and attached into evaluation unites. Using the evaluation model and spatial data, the maize ecological suitability was evaluated for each class respectively or comprehensively. 【Result】 This method was used to evaluate maize ecological suitability in Xundian county, where the cultivated land was divided into 8 415 evaluation units. The suitable and high suitable area in climatic condition, soil nutrient, site condition, land management accounted for 58%, 86%, 42%, and 90%, respectively. The suitable and higher suitable area of maize planting accounted for 50.6% and 35.4%, respectively, which mainly distributed in the middle-southeast low-middle hilly area, and some in the central and northern Jinsha River valleys and western valley trough areas. The barely suitable and unsuitable area accounted for 9.4% and 4.6%, which mainly distributed in the northwest and some in the west of the central part. 【Conclusion】 This method was able to response the climatic difference during maize growth period and the stereoscopic character of mountain farmland. The suitability area distributed as fragments. The results were consistent with the regional situation basically. The climate and terrain were primary limit factors for the ecological suitability of maize in the region.

Key words: GIS, maize, ecological suitability, evaluation, Xundian county

李超, 李文峰, 赵耀, 尚敬敏. 基于GIS的云南山区玉米生态适宜性评价方法与应用[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(3): 445-454.

LI Chao, LI WenFeng, ZHAO Yao, SHANG JingMin. A Method of Ecological Suitability Evaluation and Its Application for Maize Planted in Mountain Farmland Based on GIS (Case Study: Xundian County)[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(3): 445-454.

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目标层 Target layer	准则层 Rule layer	权重 Weight	指标层 Index layer	权重 Weight
生态适宜性评价指标Evaluation index system of ecological suitability	气候条件 Climate condition, U₁	0.451	日平均气温Daily average temperature, U₁₁ (℃)	0.069
	气候条件 Climate condition, U₁		≥10℃积温≥10℃ accumulated temperature, U₁₂ (℃)	0.188
			降水量Precipitation, U₁₃ (mm)	0.116
			日照时数Sunshine hours, U₁₄ (h)	0.082
	土壤肥力Soil nutrient, U₂	0.146	有机质Organic matter, U₂₁ (g·kg^-1)	0.057
			有效磷Available P, U₂₂ (mg·kg^-1)	0.024
			速效钾Available K, U₂₃ (mg·kg^-1)	0.025
			碱解氮 Available N, U₂₄ (mg·kg^-1)	0.017
	立地条件Site condition, U₃	0.168	pH, U₃₁	0.035
			土壤质地Soil texture, U₃₂	0.017
			坡度Slope, U₃₃ (°)	0.014
			坡向Aspect, U₃₄	0.008
			海拔Altitude, U₃₅ (m)	0.043
			地貌类型Topographic type, U₃₆	0.017
			耕层厚度Tillage depth, U₃₇(cm)	0.034
			成土母质Parent material, U₃₈	0.016
	土地管理 Land management, U₄	0.235	灌溉能力Irrigation, U₄₁	0.113
	土地管理 Land management, U₄	0.235	排涝能力Drainage, U₄₂(t·km^-2)	0.125

评价指标 Evaluation index	函数类型 Function type	隶属函数 Membership function	标准值 Standard value	极限值 Limit value
有机质Organic matter	戒上型Upper limit	Y=1/[1+0.006889×(u_i–c)²]^[21,24,27]	30	10
有效磷Available P	戒上型Upper limit	Y=1/[1+0.00653×(u_i–c)²]^[21,24,27]	40	3
速效钾Available K	戒上型Upper limit	Y=1/[1+0.000064×(u_i–c)²]^[21,24,27]	200	30
碱解氮Available N	戒上型Upper limit	Y=1/[1+0.001335×(u_i–c)²]^[21,24,27]	150	30
耕层厚度Tillage depth	戒上型Upper limit	Y=1/[1+0.00745×(u_i–c)²]^[28,29]	40	22
坡度Slope	戒下型Lower limit	Y=1/[1+0.00496×(u_i–c)²]^[28,29]	2.84	15
pH	峰值型Peaker	Y=1/[1+0.265×(ui–c)²]^[21,24,27]	5.74	4.5/8.5

评价指标 Evaluation index	描述 Description	专家评估值 Expert evaluation value
排涝能力 Irrigation	指标Index	优Excellent	良Good	中Fair	较差Worse	差Poor
排涝能力 Irrigation	隶属度Membership	1.0	0.8	0.6	0.4	0.2
灌溉保证率 Drainage	指标Index	80-95	65-80	50-65	30-50
灌溉保证率 Drainage	隶属度Membership	1.0	0.9	0.7	0.5
成土母质 Parent material	指标Index	5, 6, 8	9	7	3, 4	1, 2
成土母质 Parent material	隶属度Membership	1	0.8	0.7	0.5	0.4
坡向 Aspect	指标Index	南 North	东南、东 Southeast, East	西南 Southwest	西 West	北、东北、西北 North,Northeast,Northwest
坡向 Aspect	隶属度Membership	1	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.4
土壤质地 Soil texture	指标Index	中壤 Medium loam soil	轻壤 Light soil	黏壤 Clay loam soil	砂壤 Sandy loam soil
土壤质地 Soil texture	隶属度Membership	1.0	0.9	0.8	0.7
地貌类型 Topographic type	指标Index	1-3	4	5-6	7-10	11-16
地貌类型 Topographic type	隶属度Membership	1.0	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.6
海拔 Altitude	指标Index	≤1900	1900-2200	2200-2600	2600-3100	≥3100
海拔 Altitude	隶属度Membership	1	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.5