氮素用量对膜下滴灌甜瓜产量以及氮素平衡、硝态氮累积的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.04.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对灌区膜下滴灌甜瓜栽培施氮不合理的问题,通过系统分析膜下滴灌条件下不同施氮量对甜瓜产量、土壤硝态氮累积及氮素吸收和平衡的影响,为河西灌区膜下滴灌甜瓜合理施用氮肥提供理论依据。【方法】试验采用膜下滴灌施肥模式,设置5个施氮水平：0（N₀）、60（N₆₀）、120（N₁₂₀）、180（N₁₈₀）、240 kg·hm ^-2（N₂₄₀）,在苗期、伸蔓期、膨大期和成熟期测定土壤剖面硝态氮含量,并结合成熟期产量和氮素吸收量,分析不同氮素用量对甜瓜产量、品质以及氮素平衡和土壤中硝态氮分布、累积的影响。【结果】在施氮量为180 kg·hm ^-2时甜瓜商品瓜产量达到较高值,果实吸氮量和氮收获指数达到最大,甜瓜氮素吸收利用效率、氮素农学效率和氮素生理利用率变幅分别为39.59%—40.22%、56.61—61.44 kg·kg ^-1和142.98 —152.76 kg·kg ^-1;不同深度土壤NO₃ ^--N随施氮量的增加而增加,但同一处理中土层越深NO₃ ^--N含量越低;收获后NO₃ ^--N主要累积在0—40 cm土层,占试验监测土壤范围（0—100 cm）的46.74%—51.84%;施氮量与甜瓜吸氮量、硝态氮残留量和氮素表观损失量呈显著正相关,甜瓜吸收量占氮输出量的41.27%—41.36%,氮素残留量占42.62%—43.41%,表观损失占15.32%—16.02%。【结论】在河西沙漠绿洲灌区甜瓜膜下滴灌种植中,氮素施入量以180 kg·hm ^-2为宜,有利于甜瓜氮素吸收利用能力保持在较高水平,降低氮素损失,达到氮素收支动态平衡以及高产优质高效的生产目的。

关键词: 甜瓜, 滴灌, 氮素吸收, 硝态氮累积, 氮素利用率, 氮素平衡

Abstract:

【Objective】The study was aimed at dealing with the problems of fertilization on muskmelon production in field, and the effects of fertilizer on muskmelon yields, soil nitrate accumulation, nitrogen balance of soil nitrogen and nitrogen use efficiency under plastic mulching with drip irrigation were investigated. The purpose of this study was to provide theoretical basis for rational amount of applied nitrogen in muskmelon of fertigation system in Hexi irrigating region.【Method】The field experiment was carried out under plastic mulching with drip irrigation in muskmelon using the split plot design from 2016 to 2017. There was five nitrogen levels, including 0 (N₀), 60 (N₆₀), 120 (N₁₂₀), 180 (N₁₈₀), and 240 kg·hm ^-2 (N₂₄₀), in sub plots to investigate the influence of different fertilizing amount of nitrogen on nutrient absorption and yield of muskmelon. The soil nitrate nitrogen distribution and accumulation were measured at the seeding, vining, fruit-set and mature stages. Furthermore, we also measured the yield of muskmelon at maturity.【Result】The results showed that the yield of the N₁₈₀ treatment was higher than other treatments but it was showed no significant difference compared to N₂₄₀. Nitrogen absorption of melon fruits and nitrogen harvest index were highest under N₁₈₀ treatment. And the higher nitrogen recover efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen physiological efficiency were observed under the treatment of N₁₈₀for two years, the ranges about 39.59%-40.22%, 56.61-61.44 kg·kg ^-1 and 142.98-152.76 kg·kg ^-1, respectively. And the highest soil NO₃ ^--N content were observed at 0-40 cm soil layers of each treatment at the harvest stage of melon. Meanwhile, the soil NO₃ ^--N contents were reduced with the increasing of depth in 0-100 cm soil profiles, and soil NO₃ ^--N accumulates increased with increasing of the application amount of chemical fertilizer nitrogen. And soil NO₃ ^--N accumulation of each treatment (0-40 cm) accounted for 46.74%-51.84% of total accumulation (0-100 cm). Melon nitrogen uptakes, soil NO₃ ^--N accumulation and nitrogen apparent loss were positively correlated with the nitrogen application rates. Melon nitrogen uptakes, soil NO₃ ^--N accumulation and nitrogen apparent loss accounted for 41.27%-41.36%,42.62%-43.41% and 15.32%-16.02% of the total nitrogen input, respectively.【Conclusion】The best nitrogen application rate was 180 kg·hm ^-2 under plastic cover with drip irrigation in melon production of Hexi corridor oasis irrigation area.

Key words: muskmelon, drip irrigation, nitrogen accumulation, nitrate accumulation, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen balance

薛亮,马忠明,杜少平,冯守疆,冉生斌. 氮素用量对膜下滴灌甜瓜产量以及氮素平衡、硝态氮累积的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(4): 690-700.

XUE Liang,MA ZhongMing,DU ShaoPing,FENG ShouJiang,RAN ShengBin. Effects of Application of Nitrogen on Melon Yield, Nitrogen Balance and Soil Nitrogen Accumulation Under Plastic Mulching with Drip Irrigation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(4): 690-700.

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土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	pH		容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)		有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)		全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)		硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)		速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)		速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017
0-20	8.44	8.39	1.38	1.36	6.24	5.67	0.55	0.68	8.85	7.45	25.77	27.38	101.07	142.33
20-40	8.31	8.32	1.60	1.51	6.25	5.24	0.53	0.57	4.44	3.17	28.37	36.51	69.97	106.07
40-60	8.37	8.32	1.58	1.54	4.07	4.03	0.34	0.42	3.79	2.39	37.00	33.06	62.07	122.50
60-80	8.29	8.37	1.53	1.61	5.43	4.65	0.49	0.51	4.65	3.58	23.64	29.85	107.90	87.83
80-100	8.33	8.30	1.45	1.40	8.58	5.10	0.58	0.54	4.34	4.45	44.22	30.76	118.60	132.59

处理 Treatment	单瓜重 Average fruit weight (kg)		商品率 Commodity rate (%)		商品瓜产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)		干物质量 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)		可溶性固形物含量 Soluble solid (%)
处理 Treatment	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017
N₀	1.88d	1.89d	76.73	75.30	28866d	28478d	5632d	5501d	12.05	11.56
N₆₀	1.99c	2.00c	82.75	81.37	32949c	32563c	6121c	6068c	12.64	12.81
N₁₂₀	2.14b	2.16b	85.95	84.02	36803b	36315b	6726b	6581b	13.15	13.06
N₁₈₀	2.31a	2.28a	86.37	84.76	39925a	38668a	7291ab	6996ab	14.24	14.59
N₂₄₀	2.33a	2.30a	86.09	84.55	40138a	39138a	7433a	7256a	14.47	13.98

处理 Treatment	果实氮吸收量 N absorption (kg·hm^-2)		氮收获指数 NHI (%)		氮素吸收利用率 NRE (%)		氮素农学效率 NAE (kg·kg^-1)		氮素生理利用率 NPE (kg·kg^-1)
处理 Treatment	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017
N₀	40.02d	43.93c	76.54	80.54	–	–	–	–	–	–
N₆₀	73.55c	75.33bc	83.00	84.59	60.53a	50.04a	68.06a	68.10a	112.44c	136.09b
N₁₂₀	92.50b	87.50b	83.73	84.58	48.48b	46.65ab	66.14a	65.31a	136.43b	140.01a
N₁₈₀	106.24a	102.68a	85.20	85.29	40.22c	39.59b	61.44a	56.61ab	152.76a	142.98a
N₂₄₀	104.02a	101.25a	82.27	81.94	30.90d	30.78c	46.97b	44.42b	152.01a	141.26a

氮输入量N input								氮输出量 N output
施氮量 N rate (kg·hm^-2)		起始NO₃^--N Initial NO₃^--N		矿化量 Mineral N		总输入量 Total input		作物带出 Melon uptake		残留NO₃^--N Residual NO₃^--N		表观损失 Apparent loss
2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017
0	0	77.42	61.18	37.40	55.95	114.82e	109.91e	52.29c	51.66d	62.53e	58.25e	0	0
60	60	77.42	61.18	37.40	55.95	174.82d	169.91d	88.61b	81.68c	79.54d	82.09d	6.67d	6.13d
120	120	77.42	61.18	37.40	55.95	234.82c	229.91c	110.47b	107.64b	105.46c	101.60c	18.89c	20.67c
180	180	77.42	61.18	37.40	55.95	294.82b	289.91b	124.69a	122.93a	124.31b	128.87b	45.82b	38.11b
240	240	77.42	61.18	37.40	55.95	354.82a	349.91a	126.44a	125.53a	137.81a	144.03a	90.57a	80.34a