休闲期深松蓄水适期播种对旱地小麦产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.15.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】解决黄土高原旱地麦区多数年份只能等雨晚播种导致产量降低等生产实际问题，研究休闲期深松蓄水和适期播种对旱地小麦产量及其构成因素的影响，以提高自然降水利用效率，构建合理群体结构，实现高产、高效。【方法】于2012—2014年度在山西省闻喜县邱家岭开展大田试验研究，以休闲期深松和当地传统耕作（对照）为主区，以9月20日（早播，T₁）、10月1日（适期播种，T₂）、10月10日（晚播，T₃）3个播期为副区，研究休闲期深松蓄水对旱地小麦产量形成的影响及播期的调节效应。【结果】休闲期深松较对照，两试验年度播种期3 m内土壤水分分别提高59—71 mm、34—52 mm；冬前分蘖数、各生育时期植株干物质量显著提高，两试验年度分别提高穗数8%—18%、8%—15%，产量19%—36%、17%—22%，水分利用效率6%—21%、10%—12%。休闲期深松条件下，越冬至孕穗期土壤蓄水量以适期播种处理最高；冬前群体分蘖数、开花前植株干物质量以适期播种处理最高，但与早播处理差异不显著；开花后植株干物质量以晚播处理最高，但与适期播种处理差异不显著；穗数、穗粒数、产量和水分利用效率均以适期播种处理最高，且与其他处理差异显著，而千粒重随播期推迟而增加。传统耕作条件下，降水少的年份（2012—2013年度）越冬至孕穗期土壤蓄水量以早播处理最高，穗数、穗粒数、产量也均以早播处理最高。此外，3个播期休闲期深松处理，穗数、穗粒数、成熟期植株干物质量、产量与开花前各土层土壤蓄水量相关性较开花后显著，且与开花前深层土壤水分相关性极显著。休闲期深松配套适期播种，播种期土壤水分每增加1 mm，两试验年度增产分别达17 kg·hm^-2、23 kg·hm^-2。【结论】休闲期深松有利于蓄积休闲期降雨，提高底墒；且休闲期深松蓄水条件下，采用早播和适期播种处理均有利于形成冬前壮苗，但最终以适期播种处理穗数、产量和水分利用效率最高。总之，旱地小麦休闲期采用深松蓄水前提下，10月1日播种可优化产量结构，实现高产与高效。

关键词: 旱地小麦, 休闲期深松, 播种期, 土壤蓄水量, 产量

Abstract: 【Objective】In order to solve the practical productive problems that sowing only to wait for the rain decreased the yield of dryland wheat conventionally cultivated as a single crop per year in the Loess Plateau in most of the year, the study of effects of subsoiling during the fallow period (SS) with great soil water storage and timely sowing on yield and its component was implemented to improve the precipitation use efficiency, and to build the rational community structure for achieving high yield and efficiency.【Method】The field experiments were conducted in a two-factor split-block design with SS or traditional farming (CK) in the main plots and three sowing dates (Sep 20^th, early sowing date, T₁; Oct 1^st, timely sowing, T₂; Oct 10^th, late sowing date, T₃) in the subplots at Qiujialing village, Wenxi county, Shanxi province from 2012 to 2014, to study the effects of SS on yield formation of dryland wheat and the adjusting effects of sowing dates. 【Result】 The soil water storage in the 0-300 cm soil profile was increased by 59-71 mm and 34-52 mm under SS compared with CK in 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 at sowing stage, respectively. Adoption of SS obviously improved the group tillers before wintering stage and plant dry matter at different growth stages, which increased by 8%-18% and 8%-15% of the number of spike, 19%-36% and 17%-22% of yield, 6%-21% and 10%-12% of water use efficiency compared with CK during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014, respectively. Soil water storage in T₂ treatments was the highest from wintering to booting stage under SS treatments. The highest tiller number before wintering stage and plant dry matter before anthesis stage were obtained in T₂ treatment, however, no significant difference was observed with T₁ treatment. The largest post-anthesis plant dry matter was attained in T₃ treatment under SS, no significant difference was observed with T₂ treatment. The significant highest spike number, grain number per spike and yield were observed in T₂ treatment, while 1000-grain weight increased with the delay of sowing date. Under traditional farming in the dry year (2012-2013), the highest soil water storage from wintering to booting stage, spike number, grain number per spike and yield were attained in T₁ treatment. In addition, in three sowing dates and SS treatments, spike number, grain number per spike, plant dry matter at mature stage and yield were more significantly correlated with soil water storage of different soil layers before anthesis than post-anthesis, especially with soil water moisture in deeper layers before anthesis. Wheat yield was increased by 17 and 23 kg·hm^-2 with an increase of 1 mm soil water storage at sowing stage under SS matched with T₂ treatment during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Subsoiling during the fallow period was conducive to store precipitation during the fallow period into the soil resulting in the increase of soil water storage before sowing. Adoption of early sowing and timely sowing in SS treatments were favor to build the strong seedling before wintering, however, the number of spike, grain yield and water use efficiency were the highest under timely sowing. In conclusion, adoption of subsoiling during the fallow period matching sowing on October 1^st could optimize the yield composition and increase yield and efficiency of dryland wheat.

Key words: dryland wheat, subsoiling during fallow period, sowing date, soil water moisture, yield

雷妙妙，孙敏，高志强，王培如，任爱霞，薛玲珠，杨珍平. 休闲期深松蓄水适期播种对旱地小麦产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(15): 2904-2915.

LEI MiaoMiao, SUN Min, GAO ZhiQiang, WANG PeiRu, REN AiXia, XUE LingZhu, YANG ZhenPing. Effects of Subsoiling During the Fallow Period and Timely Sowing on Water Storage and Wheat Yield of Dryland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(15): 2904-2915.

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