长期秸秆还田对白浆土物理性质及水稻产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.14.011

中国农业科学 ›› 2017, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (14): 2748-2757.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.14.011

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

长期秸秆还田对白浆土物理性质及水稻产量的影响

王秋菊¹，常本超¹，张劲松¹，韩东来²，隋玉刚²，陈海龙²，杨兴玉²，王雪冬²，焦峰³，常本超¹，新家宪⁴，刘峰⁵

¹黑龙江省农业科学院土壤肥料与资源环境研究所，中国哈尔滨 150086；²黑龙江省农垦建三江管理局八五九农场，中国佳木斯 156326；³黑龙江八一农垦大学，中国大庆 163319；⁴日本NICH研究所，日本札幌 079-01；⁵黑龙江省农业科学院科研处，中国哈尔滨 150086

收稿日期:2016-11-25 出版日期:2017-07-16 发布日期:2017-07-16
通讯作者: 刘峰，E-mail：liufengjms@163.com
作者简介:王秋菊，E-mail：bqjwang@126.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划（2016YFD0300902-05）、农业部公益性行业专项（201503118-04）、黑龙江省博士后基金（LBH-Z13189）、黑龙江省自然科学基金（D2015005）、黑龙江省农业科学院创新工程（2014JQ03）

Effects of Albic Soil Physical Properties and Rice Yields After Long-Term Straw Incorporation

WANG QiuJu¹, CHANG BenChao¹, ZHANG JinSong¹, HAN DongLai², SUI YuGang², CHEN HaiLong², YANG XingYu², WANG XueDong², JIAO Feng³, KEN Araya⁴, LIU Feng⁵

¹Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China; ²The 859 Farm of Jiansanjiang management bureau, Jiamusi 156326, China; ³Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; ⁴NICH Laboratory, Sapporo 079-01, Japan; ⁵Management Department of Scientific Research of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China

Received:2016-11-25 Online:2017-07-16 Published:2017-07-16

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】明确长期秸秆还田对白浆土土壤物理性质及水稻产量的影响。【方法】开展秸秆还田长期定位试验。试验设置4个处理，分别为对照（CK），单施秸秆（S），秸秆+化肥（SNPK），单施化肥（NPK）。在2005年后连年处理，并于试验处理前和2010年、2015年试验处理期间调查土壤容重、硬度、孔隙、三相组成以及水稻产量。【结果】白浆土长期秸秆还田有利于水稻产量提高，10年产量平均，秸秆还田配施肥料处理水稻产量比对照和秸秆单独还田处理增产275.70%和133.23%，比单施化肥处理增产14.17%。秸秆还田处理水稻产量在还田第5—10年平均产量比第1—5年有增加趋势；长期秸秆还田可以改善土壤物理性质，降低土壤容重、硬度，还田10年后，秸秆还田配施化肥处理土壤容重低于化肥单施、秸秆单施及对照处理，SNPK处理0—20、20—30 cm土层土壤容重与对照相比分别降低6.34%和10.00%，与还田5年后同类处理相比仍呈下降趋势；秸秆还田配施化肥处理土壤硬度10年后在10、20、30 cm土层与处理前相比分别降低为26.87%、5.68%和4.62%，在20—30 cm土层与对照相比差异显著，还田10年与5年后相比有下降趋势，其他处理变化不明显；还田5年后，秸秆还田配施化肥处理在0—20、20—30、30—40 cm土层土壤固相比例与对照相比分别下降8.82%、8.36%和3.65%，还田10年后分别下降10.87%、10.61%和4.67%，10年后要比5年后下降幅度大，秸秆还田配施化肥比秸秆单施和化肥单施处理下降幅度大；长期秸秆还田可以增加土壤有效孔隙的数量，在处理间和年限间差异极显著，还田10年后，在0—20、20—30、30—40 cm土层秸秆还田配施化肥土壤有效孔隙比对照增加28.86%、63.85%和23.40%，在20—30 cm和30—40 cm土层比化肥单施增加12.55%和62.96%，在0—20、20—30、30—40cm土层比秸秆单施增加19.68%、56.52%和24.46%；与还田5年后相比，土壤有效孔隙度均呈现增加的趋势。【结论】长期秸秆还田可以改善白浆土不良物理性状，降低白浆层的容重、硬度，增加土壤总孔隙度和有效孔隙的比例，提高水稻产量。秸秆还田年限越长改善土壤不良物理性质效果越明显。单独进行秸秆还田改善土壤效果不明显，秸秆还田配施肥料处理效果明显；在不同处理上，秸秆还田配施化肥处理既有改土效果，又可提高水稻产量，而单施化肥和单独秸秆还田均达不到此类效果。

关键词: 秸秆还田, 白浆土, 土壤特性, 有效孔隙, 容重, 产量

Abstract: 【Objective】This study investigated the effects of long-term rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw incorporation on the physical properties of albic soil and crop yield. 【Method】The experiment included four treatments: (1) CK (no straw incorporation); (2) S (single application of straw); (3) SNPK (straw and N, P, K fertilizer); and (4) NPK (N, P, K fertilizer). In 2005, 2010, and 2015, after the fall harvest, undisturbed soil from different layers was obtained, and soil bulk density, hardness, porosity, three-phase composition and rice yield were analyzed. 【Result】Rice average yield of ten years after SNPK treatment was 275.70% and 133.23% higher than that after CK and S treatment, and was 14.17% higher than that after NPK treatment, rice average yield of SNPK were higher in the 5-10 years than that of the same treatment in the 1-5 years. Long-term straw incorporation improved soil physical properties. After 10 years of SNPK treatment, soil bulk density of the 0-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil layers was reduced by 6.34% and 10.00% than CK, respectively, the trend was degressive than after 5 years; Soil hardness of the 10, 20, and 30 cm soil layers was reduced by 26.87%, 5.68%, and 4.62% after SNPK treatment than before treatment, respectively, the difference was significant between SNPK and CK in 20-30 cm layer, the trend of 10 year was degressive than that of 5 year, but not obvious, other treatment were not obvious degressive trend than CK; and the solid phase ratio of the 0-20, 20-30, and 30-40 cm soil layers was reduced by 10.87%, 10.61%, and 4.67% than CK, respectively. These values were lower than those noted after 5 years of straw incorporation. Furthermore, long-term straw incorporation increased the number of effective pores in the soil, and the difference was greatly significant between treatments and between years. After 10 years of treatment, the proportions of effective pores of the 0-20, 20-30, and 30-40 cm soil layers treated with SNPK were 28.86%, 63.85%, and 23.40% higher, respectively, than those treated with CK. The proportions of effective pores in the 0-20 and 20-30 cm soil layers in the SNPK treatment were 12.55% and 62.96% higher than those in the NPK treatment, the proportions of effective pores in the 0-20, 20-30, 30-40 cm soil layers in the SNPK treatment were 19.68%, 56.52% and 24.46% higher than those in the S treatment, the trend was increased than that after 5 years. Each soil layer showed increasing numbers of effective pores over time with SNPK treatment. Straw incorporation improved the quality of albic soil, however, its effects become apparent over the long term.【Conclusion】Long-term straw incorporation could improve soil physical properties, increased soil effective pore, decreased soil bulk density, and increased rice yield. Good results were obtained from straw incorporation and chemical fertilizer application. The effect of straw incorporation with fertilizer application on soil and rice was obvious than the treatment of single straw incorporation and single fertilizer application.

王秋菊，常本超，张劲松，韩东来，隋玉刚，陈海龙，杨兴玉，王雪冬，焦峰，常本超，新家宪，刘峰. 长期秸秆还田对白浆土物理性质及水稻产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(14): 2748-2757.

WANG QiuJu, CHANG BenChao, ZHANG JinSong, HAN DongLai, SUI YuGang, CHEN HaiLong, YANG XingYu, WANG XueDong, JIAO Feng, CHANG BenChao, KEN Araya, LIU Feng. Effects of Albic Soil Physical Properties and Rice Yields After Long-Term Straw Incorporation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(14): 2748-2757.

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长期秸秆还田对白浆土物理性质及水稻产量的影响

Effects of Albic Soil Physical Properties and Rice Yields After Long-Term Straw Incorporation

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