不同玉米-大豆带状套作组合条件下光合有效辐射强度分布特征对大豆光合特性和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.08.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】发展间种套作大豆是有效解决粮食供需矛盾的重要途径。本文旨在通过优化群体配置，改善群体光分布特征，实现大豆对有效光能的高效利用，为套作大豆高产栽培及群体结构的优化设计提供理论依据和技术途径。【方法】本研究于2011年和2012年，以不同株型玉米杂交种和大豆品种贡选1号为试材，设计登海605/贡选1号（处理A）、川单418/贡选1号（处理B）、雅玉13/贡选1号（处理C）3种玉豆带状套作组合，并以大豆单作作为对照（CK），分析不同玉豆带状套作组合PAR分布特征对大豆光合特性和产量的影响。【结果】（1）不同玉豆带状套作组合的PAR和透光率存在显著差异，且均显著低于CK（P＜0.05）。玉豆共生期间，处理A的PAR分别比处理B和处理C高54.4%和90.7%。处理A的透光率分别比处理B和处理C高7.4%和17.7%。处理A的PAR和透光率均显著高于处理B和处理C。这说明登海605/贡选1号的带状套作组合，能够提高套作系统的光合有效辐射强度和透光率。（2）不同玉豆带状套作组合下，处理A大豆叶片Pn显著高于处理B和处理C (P＜0.05），处理B和处理C大豆的Pn与处理A相比分别低了14.16%和27.23%。Gs和Ci与Pn变化趋势相同，Pn与Gs存在显著的正相关关系（0.883**），说明气孔限制可能是Pn下降的主要原因。（3）不同玉豆带状套作组合显著提高了大豆叶片的Chla、Chlb、Chl(a+b)含量，降低了Chla/b比值，且均呈显著差异（P<0.05）。在V3、V5和R1期时，处理C大豆叶片Chla含量比处理A和B相比分别高5.42%、10.2%、5.9%和3.08%、4.9%、3.3%。处理C下大豆的Chlb含量比处理A和处理B分别高14.4%、14.9%，11.73%和7.8%、7%和5.74%。处理C大豆叶片Chl(a+b)的含量比处理A和处理B分别高7.27%，11.1%，7%和4.08%，5.35%，3.8%。处理间Chla/b与其呈相反的变化趋势。不同套作组合大豆叶片的叶绿素含量随着遮阴程度的增加而增加，使叶片更有效的捕获有限的光能，对光强降低有一定的补偿作用，增加对有限光能的利用。（4）不同玉豆带状套作组合大豆叶面积指数和干物质重且均显著低于CK。且处理间呈显著性差异(P＜0.05），玉豆共生期间，不同玉豆带状套作组合大豆的LAI表现为处理A＞处理B＞处理C，且处理B和处理C的干物质重分别比处理A低35.4%和57.1%，LAI与干物质重存在显著的正相关关系（0.977**），说明紧凑型玉米削弱了对大豆弱光胁迫的程度，增加了LAI和光能截获量，从而提高了套作大豆群体的物质积累。（5）不同玉豆带状套作组合下，大豆产量及产量构成因素存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。处理A的单株荚数比处理B和处理C高11.28%和32.75%，单株粒数高5.19%和13.34%，每荚粒数高6.4%和22.5%，单株粒重高2.16%和6.22%。不同处理间大豆产量以处理A的产量最高，且分别比处理B和处理C高13.13%和35.6%，说明随着玉米对大豆弱光胁迫程度的加剧，大豆产量呈现降低趋势。【结论】适宜的株型配置可以改善套作大豆生长的光照环境、提高其光合效率和产量。

关键词: 玉米-大豆带状套作 , 光分布 , 光合有效辐射 , 光合特性 , 产量

Abstract: 【Objective】 Intercropping, an agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same time, is an old and commonly used cropping practice which aims to match efficiently crop demands for the available growth resources and labor. Cereal and legume intercropping, as one of the multiple cropping systems, has played a very important role in China. However, because of the different canopies between maize and soybean which influences the PAR distribution within relay strip intercropping system, and it not only decreases the light interception but also bad to development of the intercropped soybean, thus resulting in limited photosynthetic characteristics of intercropped soybean which restricts the productivity of maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems. Therefore, there is a need for exploration of an optimum spatial-temporal configuration management for this system based on competition so that light resources requirement of soybean can be realized in this system. 【Method】 An experiment with soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivar Gongxuan1 and maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Denghai 605, Chuandan 418 and Yayu 13 was conducted. The relay strip intercropping systems were designed as soybean intercropping with Denghai 605 (A), Chuandan 418 (B) and Yayu13 (C), and soybean monoculture was used as control (CK). Distribution characteristics of light, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of soybean were studied in maize/soybean relay strip intercropping systems in order to optimize the reasonable group configuration. 【Result】 The PAR density and transmittance varied considerably by different maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems, and lower than CK significantly (P＜0.05). During the co-growth stage of maize and soybean, the PAR density occurred in treatment A was higher than that in treatments B and C by 54.4% and 90.7%, respectively. The transmittance occurred in treatment A was higher than that in treatments B and C by 7.4% and 17.7% significantly. This means that the configuration of Denghai 605+Gongxuan 1 could improve the PAR density and transmittance in relay strip intercropping system. The Pn, Gs and Ci of intercropped soybean varied considerably in different maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems. The Pn of treatment A was higher than treatments B and C significantly. Treatments B and C was lower than that in treatment A by 14.16% and 27.23%, Gs of treatment A was higher than that in treatments B and C by 14.6% and 40.4%. The Ci in treatment A was higher than that in treatments B and C by 8.5% and 16.9%. A positive correlation of Pn and Gs was significantly (0.883**), which means that Gs might be the main factor due to the Pn decreased. The contents of Chla, Chlb and Chl(a+b) of intercropped soybean were improved by different maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems, and the ratio of Chla/b decreased significantly. During the stages of V3, V5 and R1, the content of Chla of treatment C was higher than that in treatments A and B by 5.42%, 10.2%, 5.9% and 3.08%, 4.9%, 3.3%. The content of Chlb of treatment C was higher than that in treatments A and B by 14.4%, 14.9%, 11.73% and 7.8%, 7%, 5.74%. The content of Chl(a+b) of treatment C was higher than that in treatments A and B by 7.27%, 11.1%, 7% and 4.08%, 5.35%, 3.8%, respectively. However, the changing trend of the Chla/b was inverse. The photosynthetic pigment of soybean in different maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems increased because of the influence of intensified low light, and it is not only beneficial to capture more light but also have a compassion for the low light stress so as to with improve the light use efficiency. The LAI and dry matter weight of soybean in all intercropping systems were lower than monoculture significantly (P<0.05), and varied considerably in different maize and soybean relay strip intercropping systems. This study shown that the LAI of treatments A was higher than treatments B and C, the treatment C was the lowest, and the dry matter weight of treatments B and C was lower than that in treatment A by 35.4% and 57.1%. A positive correlation of LAI and dry matter weight was significantly (0.977**). The results indicate that the compact maize decreased the effect of low light stress on soybean, and increased the LAI and light interception of intercropped soybean and resulted in the improvement of dry matter weight. The yield and yield component of soybean were varied considerably in all of the maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems. This study shown that the Pods per plant of treatment A was higher than treatments B and C by 11.28% and 32.75%, the seeds per plant of treatment A was higher than treatments B and C by 5.19% and 13.34%, the seeds per pod of treatment A was higher than treatments B and C by 6.4% and 22.5%, Seeds weight per plant of treatment A was higher than treatments B and C by 2.16% and 6.22%. This means that the yield of intercropped soybean decreased as influenced by the intensified low light stress. 【Conclusion】 Suitable plant type configuration could improve radically light conditions, photosynthetic efficiency and yield of relay strip intercropping soybean.

Key words: maize/soybean relay strip intercropping , light distribution , photosynthetic characteristics , yield

崔亮, 苏本营, 杨峰, 杨文钰. 不同玉米-大豆带状套作组合条件下光合有效辐射强度分布特征对大豆光合特性和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(8): 1489-1501.

CUI Liang, SU Ben-Ying, YANG Feng, YANG Wen-Yu. Effects of Photo-synthetically Active Radiation on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Soybean in Different Maize/Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping Systems[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(8): 1489-1501.

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