云南干/湿热区香水柠檬果实不同组织生物活性成分分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.21.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】系统探究云南干/湿热区香水柠檬不同组织生物活性成分差异特征，明确干湿热区香水柠檬（Citrus medica）不同组织（黄皮层、白皮层、果肉、中心柱及囊衣）的活性成分分布规律，为香水柠檬生物活性成分进一步开发利用提供理论参考。【方法】分别选取云南巍山干热区和瑞丽湿热区的香水柠檬果实为试材，采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间高分辨质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF）技术对样品进行检测分析，通过单因素方差分析（ANOVA）、主成分分析（PCA）和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析（OPLS-DA）进行综合评价，筛选能够区分产区和组织的特征性生物活性成分。【结果】两个产区香水柠檬果实中共鉴定出31种生物活性成分，包括12种酚酸、18种类黄酮和1种柠檬苦素。巍山干热区香水柠檬中生物活性成分的含量大于瑞丽湿热区香水柠檬。果实不同组织中酚酸类物质含量为黄皮层>白皮层>果肉>中心柱及囊衣；而类黄酮含量为黄皮层>果肉>中心柱及囊衣>白皮层；柠檬苦素含量为中心柱及囊衣>果肉>白皮层>黄皮层。多元统计分析结果显示，PCA模型可有效区分两个产区的样品，进一步采用OPLS-DA分析两个产区不同组织代谢数据，以VIP≥2筛选两个产区不同组织的特征差异代谢物，在黄皮层、白皮层、果肉和中心柱及囊衣中分别筛选出4种、3种、2种和2种差异代谢物。两产区以VIP≥2筛选出巍山干热区4个组织的特征差异物质是圣草次甙和芹菜素-C-五碳糖苷-C-阿拉伯糖苷异构体，这2个物质分别在中心柱及囊衣和黄皮层中积累；瑞丽湿热区4个组织特征差异代谢物为圣草次甙。【结论】巍山干热区因独特的干热河谷气候条件，果实中生物活性成分总含量显著高于瑞丽湿热区，香草酸仅存在于巍山干热区果实中。果实不同组织中活性成分分布具有特异性，黄皮层是酚酸和类黄酮的主要富集部位，中心柱及囊衣是柠檬苦素的主要富集部位。

关键词: 香水柠檬, 果实组织, 干/湿热区, 代谢组, 类黄酮, 酚酸, 柠檬苦素

Abstract:

【Objective】 To systematically investigate the differences in bioactive components in different tissues of Xiangshui lemon (Citrus medica) from dry and humid tropical areas in Yunnan, this study clarified the distribution patterns of bioactive ingredients across various tissues (flavedo, albedo, pulp, central axis, and segment membrane) of Xiangshui lemon from dry and humid tropical areas, so as to provide the theoretical references for the further development and utilization of bioactive components of Xiangshui lemon. 【Method】 In this study, Xiangshui lemon fruits were collected from the dry‑hot region of Weishan and the humid region of Ruili in Yunnan Province as experimental materials. Ultra‑performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‑of‑ flight high‑resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC‑Q‑TOF‑HRMS) was adopted for sample detection. One‑way analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least‑squares discriminant analysis (OPLS‑DA) were used for comprehensive evaluation, so as to screen characteristic bioactive components that could distinguish different producing areas and tissues. 【Result】 A total of 31 bioactive components were identified in Xiangshui lemon fruits from the two regions, including 12 phenolic acids, 18 flavonoids, and 1 limonoid. The contents of all bioactive components in Xiangshui lemon from Weishan dry-hot region were higher than those from Ruili humid-hot region. In different fruit tissues, the content order of phenolic acids was: flavedo > albedo > pulp > central axis and segment membrane; the content order of flavonoids was: flavedo > pulp > central axis and segment membrane > albedo; the content order of limonin was: central axis and segment membrane > pulp > albedo > flavedo. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the PCA model could effectively distinguish samples from the two producing regions. OPLS-DA was further performed on metabolic data of different tissues from the two regions. With VIP ≥ 2 as the screening threshold, 4, 3, 2 and 2 differential metabolites were identified in flavedo, albedo, pulp, central axis and segment membrane, respectively. Based on the threshold of VIP ≥ 2, eriocitrin and apigenin-C-pentoside-C-arabinoside isomer were screened as the characteristic differential substances of four tissues in Weishan dry-hot region, which were predominantly accumulated in central axis & segment membrane and flavedo, respectively, while eriocitrin was identified as the key differential metabolite across all four tissues in Ruili humid-hot region. 【Conclusion】 Benefiting from the unique climatic conditions of dry-hot river valley, the total content of bioactive components in Xiangshui lemon fruits from Weishan dry-hot region was significantly higher than that in Ruili humid-hot region, and vanillic acid was exclusively detected in Weishan dry-hot region. The distribution of bioactive components presented obvious tissue specificity: flavedo was the primary enrichment tissue for phenolic acids and flavonoids, while central axis and segment membrane were the main accumulation tissue of limonin.

Key words: Xiangshui lemon, fruit tissues, dry and humid tropical areas, metabolomics, flavonoids, phenolic acids, limonin

朱银潇, 张碧蓉, 闫素云, 史文斌, 刘伟杰, 段敏仙, 程运江, 周先艳. 云南干/湿热区香水柠檬果实不同组织生物活性成分分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(21): 4924-4936.

ZHU YinXiao, ZHANG BiRong, YAN SuYun, SHI WenBin, LIU WeiJie, DUAN MinXian, CHENG YunJiang, ZHOU XianYan. Bioactive Components in Different Tissues of Xiangshui Lemon Fruits in Dry and Humid Tropical Areas of Yunnan[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(21): 4924-4936.

图/表 6

表1

表2

巍山（WS）与瑞丽（RL）产区香水柠檬不同组织生物活性成分的种类与含量"

化合物 Compound	瑞丽湿热区 RL				巍山干热区 WS
化合物 Compound	黄皮层 Flavedo	白皮层 Albedo	果肉 Pulp	中心柱及囊衣 Central axis and segment membrane	黄皮层 Flavedo	白皮层 Albedo	果肉 Pulp	中心柱及囊衣 Central axis and segment membrane
酚酸Phenolic acids
二氢阿魏酸-O-葡萄糖苷 Dihydro-feruloyl-O-glucoside	1582.06±48.87aA	918.79±135.22bA	3.88±2.63cA	17.01±9.63cA	1547.76±97.92aA	832.34±103.35bA	2.06±0.57cA	18.62±8.65cA
阿魏酸Ferulic acid	4.25±2.10aA	—	1.71±0.39bcA	—	1.5±1.32bcA	1.08±0.43bcA	1.97±0.31bA	1.88±0.83bA
阿魏酸-O-葡萄糖苷 Feruloyl-O-glucose	199.90±37.05bcA	195.16±23.62bcA	726.51±22.67aA	119.76±33.12cA	198.71±58.77bcA	218.29±45.06bA	787.44±77.97aA	125.01±16.06cA
阿魏酸-衍生物Ferulic acid derivative	213.27±53.52aA	1.10±0.08dA	64.16±5.51bA	24.19±4.53cdA	84.56±11.81bB	1.40±0.33dA	50.65±6.93bcA	21.1±3.06bdA
咖啡酸Caffeic acid	0.06±0.03bA	—	0.10±0bA	0.11±0.02bA	0.02±0.02bA	—	0.16±0.04bA	0.56±0.3aA
咖啡酸-O-葡萄糖苷异构体 Caffeic acid-O-glucoside isomer	9.62±1.70dA	15.32±3.16dA	95.88±2.96bA	60.19±7.25cA	13.89±4.27dA	14.33±2.48dA	106.44±12.27aA	67.58±1.85cA
对香豆酸p-coumaric acid	0.62±0.06aA	0.03±0.03cA	0.12±0.06bcA	0.18±0.26bcA	0.39±0.29abA	0.15±0.13bcA	0.16±0.06bcA	0.36±0.16abA
对香豆酸-O-六碳糖苷 p-Coumaric acid hexoside	45.60±10.16cA	5.29±1.60dB	79.25±4.55cA	13.99±3.71dA	36.43±7.57cA	12.55±2.97dA	94.7±18.78aA	16.76±2.19bA
绿原酸-O-葡萄糖苷异构体 Chlorogenic acid-O-glucoside isomer	25.44±6.83dB	341.15±8.61cA	4.77±2.32dA	433.12±60.27bB	50.15±11.01dA	365.76±26.06cA	5.34±0.72dA	606.82±60.06aA
香草酸Vanillic acid	—	—	—	—	2.00±1.66a	—	2.13±0.34a	—
香草酸-β-D-葡萄糖苷异构体 Vanillic acid-β-D-glucopyranose isomer	102.68±12.25bB	152.83±14.22aA	67.19±4.65cA	33.34±3.42dA	143.49±21.23aA	142.76±22.41aA	84.78±14.46bcA	37.92±2.55dA
阿魏酰奎宁酸 Feruloyl quinic acid	437.12±16.55bA	120.20±38.83dA	248.15±17.87cA	34.49±12.00eA	525.83±79.38aA	150.09±32.28dA	166.03±46.2dB	0.18±0.14eB
类黄酮Flavonoids
原花青素Proanthocyanidin	1382.50±398.12aA	—	148.91±10.40bA	—	880.59±872aA	—	110.4±42.28bA	—
表儿茶素Epicatechin	6.51±0.83aA	—		—	2.24±1.95bB	—	—	—
橙皮苷异构体 Hesperidin isomer	352.09±139.06fA	2418.05±98.46bA	1310.32±185.92dA	2823.88±179.43abA	823.97±406.28eA	2571.18±69.25abA	1736.56±286.58cA	2982.22±293.55aA
圣草次甙Eriocitrin	101.63±15.17dB	286.23±28.82cA	383.28±33.08bA	844.39±106.94aA	142.87±17.97dA	263.37±15.33cA	412.53±27.1bA	893.26±35.08aA
荭草苷Orientin	2.95±0.35cA	3.20±0.74cA	6.13±0.49baA	9.07±0.25bB	5.64±5.03bcA	4.37±0.21cA	8.21±0.13bA	15.40±2.06aA
4'-甲基-异荭草苷 Isoorientin-4'-methyl ether	254.26±70.50cB	741.84±75.49aA	332.06±28.18cB	775.96±19.77aA	591.17±158.54bA	878.33±2.79aA	509.71±82.38bA	884.80±98.45aA
芹菜素-C-五碳糖苷-C-阿拉伯糖苷异构体 Apigenin-C-pentoside-C-glucoside isomer	1265.48±244.41bA	28.55±8.27cB	19.10±1.50cA	73.72±10.62cA	1728.11±511.08aA	48.17±3.79cA	39.38±12.71cA	144.71±46.33cA
木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷 Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside	419.14±31.52bB	85.21±22.82eA	179.41±7.98dB	98.82±9.13eB	499.82±34.88aA	97.73±0.82eA	238.69±24.11aA	148.23±11.36dA
香叶木苷Diosmin	1083.23±61.60aA	711.67±61.32bcA	1083.86±29.38aB	685.88±185.82bcA	1133.38±84.14aA	581.58±58.8cA	1216.87±44.40aA	788.32±47.33bA
卢塞宁-2, 4'-甲醚 Lucenin-2, 4'-methyl ether	1529.86±71.25bB	1057.41±133.64cdA	986.90±22.58dB	1097.59±55.76cdA	1796.52±43.45aA	1117.92±47.04cdA	1177.10±74.31cA	1147.40±65.61cA
二氢异鼠李素-3-O-芸香糖苷 Dihydro-isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside	21.23±3.75bA	8.58±1.44cA	32.56±1.41aA	22.52±2.40bA	23.37±7.31bA	8.09±0.49cA	31.63±3.66aA	8.19±3.83cB
异鼠李素-3-O-芸香糖苷 Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside	345.82±61.93bA	15.25±1.99dA	410.34±23.25abA	63.67±8.08cdA	399.36±88.19abA	18.74±0.96dA	467.19±34.02aA	101.62±33.08cA
芦丁Rutin	1322.07±222.08aA	9.15±2.69cA	675.37±53.92bA	90.97±28.42cA	855.68±745.57abA	8.65±0.35cA	722.78±103.41dA	121.05±11.16cA
金丝桃苷Hyperoside	0.17±0.09bA	—	0.75±0.17bA	0.09±0.07bA	0.06±0.03bA	—	3.31±1.91aA	1.20±0.66bA
槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷 Quercetin-3-O-glucoside	25.30±8.13aA	28.76±24.83aA	—	—	2.51±0.51bB	6.39±2.40bA	2.05±0.58bA	6.27±0.76bA
山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷 Kaempfeol-3-O-rutinoside	2.11±0.33abA	0.53±0.12bcA	0.39±0.18cA	0.95±0.17bcB	2.69±2.35aA	0.60±0.02bcA	1.02±0.43bcA	2.04±0.25abcA
木犀草素-C-五碳糖苷-O-五碳糖苷 Luteolin-C-pentoside-O-pentoside	1449.98±229.26bA	109.59±18.71dB	770.17±53.22cA	216.90±28.65dB	1643.80±179.87aA	173.64±11.04dA	878.28±88.41cA	301.83±50.00dA
刺槐黄素-7-糖醛酸异构体 Acacetin-7-glucuronide isomer	5.02±0.16dB	8.01±0.22cB	0.83±0.15eA	4.96±0.39dB	10.75±0.81bA	15.15±2.34aA	1.34±0.21eA	9.89±1.52bA
柠檬苦素Limonin	8.18±1.06eA	10.44±8.72eB	23.91±7.26dA	35.61±1.71bB	11.03±1.22eA	17.13±0.68deA	78.43±10.76cA	107.96±4.25aA
同行

表2

图1

图2

表3

巍山（WS）与瑞丽（RL）产区香水柠檬不同组织差异代谢物(VIP≥1)"

黄皮层 Flavedo		白皮层 Albedo		果肉 Pulp		中心柱及囊衣 Central axis and segment membrane
物质 Metabolites	VIP	物质 Metabolites	VIP	物质 Metabolites	VIP	物质 Metabolites	VIP
原花青素 Proanthocyanidin	2.25	橙皮苷异构体 Hesperidin isomer	2.22	橙皮苷异构体 Hesperidin isomer	3.00	绿原酸-O-葡萄糖苷异构体 Chlorogenic acid-O-glucoside isomer	2.22
芦丁 Rutin	2.13	4'-甲基-异荭草苷 Isoorientin-4'-methyl ether	2.12	卢塞宁-2, 4'-甲醚 Lucenin-2, 4'-methyl ether	2.00	橙皮苷异构体 Hesperidin isomer	2.19
橙皮苷异构体 Hesperidin isomer	2.12	香叶木苷 Diosmin	2.06	4'-甲基-异荭草苷 Isoorientin-4'-methyl ether	1.93	香叶木苷 Diosmin	1.71
芹菜素-C-五碳糖苷-C-阿拉伯糖苷异构体 Apigenin-C-pentoside-C-glucoside isomer	2.09	二氢阿魏酸-O-葡萄糖苷 Dihydro-feruloyl-O-glucoside	1.75	香叶木苷 Diosmin	1.68	4'-甲基-异荭草苷 Isoorientin -4'-methyl ether	1.71
4'-甲基-异荭草苷 Isoorientin-4'-methyl ether	1.84	卢塞宁-2 4'-甲醚 Lucenin-2 4'-methyl ether	1.52	木犀草素-C-五碳糖苷-O-五碳糖苷 Luteolin-C-pentoside-O- pentoside	1.5	木犀草素-C-五碳糖苷-O-五碳糖苷 Luteolin-C-pentoside-O-pentoside	1.53
卢塞宁-2, 4'-甲醚 Lucenin-2, 4'-methyl ether	1.67	木犀草素-C-五碳糖苷 -O-五碳糖苷 Luteolin-C-pentoside-O- pentoside	1.48	阿魏酰奎宁酸 Feruloyl quinic acid	1.29	芹菜素-C-五碳糖苷-C-阿拉伯糖苷异构体 Apigenin-C-pentoside-C-glucoside isomer	1.40
木犀草素-C-五碳糖苷-O-五碳糖苷 Luteolin-C-pentoside-O- pentoside	1.36	阿魏酰奎宁酸 Feruloyl quinic acid	1.00	芦丁 Rutin	1.17	圣草次甙 Eriocitrin	1.23
阿魏酸-衍生物 Ferulic acid derivative	1.15	—	—	阿魏酸-O-葡萄糖苷 Feruloyl-O-glucose	1.16	木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷 Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside	1.20
—	—	—		木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷 Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside	1.12	卢塞宁-2, 4'-甲醚 Lucenin-2, 4'-methyl ether	1.18
—	—	—		异鼠李素-3-O-芸香糖苷 Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside	1.02	异鼠李素-3-O-芸香糖苷 Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside	1.00

表3

图3

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组织 Tissue	瑞丽湿热区Ruili humid-hot region (RL)			巍山干热区Weishan dry-hot region (WS)
组织 Tissue	酚酸 Phenolic acids	类黄酮 Flavonoids	柠檬苦素 Limonoids	酚酸 Phenolic acids	类黄酮 Flavonoids	柠檬苦素 Limonoids
黄皮层Flavedo (HPC)	2620.61±177.16aA	9569.34±772.72aB	8.18±1.06cB	2604.74±284.46aA	10542.53±994.58aA	10.44±8.72cA
白皮层Albedo (BPC)	1749.87±202.02bA	5512.04±220.34cB	11.03±1.22cB	1738.74±146.13bA	5793.92±147.97cA	17.3±0.68cA
果肉Pulp (GR)	1291.71±44.87cA	6340.37±166.51bB	23.91±7.26bB	1301.85±134.94cA	7557.06±556.46bA	35.61±1.71bA
中心柱及囊衣 Central axis and segment membrane (ZXZ)	736.37±64.16dA	6809.37±410.86bB	78.43±10.76aB	896.79±55.54dA	7556.44±567.49bA	107.96±4.25aA
总含量Total content	6398.57±100.99A	28231.13±1005.91B	121.55±9.11B	6542.12±133.17A	31449.95±100.99A	171.15±6.77A