光质和光周期对设施草莓生长调控的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.20.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究非可见波段远红光（FR）和近紫外光（UVA），以及光周期对日光温室基质栽培草莓生长、产量和品质的影响，构建日光温室草莓高效补光策略，为我国设施草莓高效生产提供技术支撑。【方法】以‘红颜’草莓品种为试验材料，于2024年9月至2025年2月在北京市顺义区中国农业科学院科研基地日光温室内开展试验。采用高架基质栽培模式，于花芽分化前期（2024年11月18日）开始LED补光处理，补光灯距冠层顶部20 cm。试验设置不同光质（红蓝9/1、红蓝9/1+FR、白光、白光+UVA）和光周期（10和16 h）处理，所有补光处理采用120 W的LED补光灯（长240 cm，宽5 cm），冠层光子通量密度均为270—290 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，其中，FR和UVA的添加剂量分别为25—30和15—20 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。补光灯开关由传感器和智能控制系统自动决策，即温室内自然光光子通量密度低于300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时补光灯开启，高于500 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时补光灯关闭，以不补光处理为对照，各处理设置3个重复，每个重复为1个栽培垄（长10 m）。测定指标包括：植株形态（地上部干重、叶面积、比叶面积、叶柄长度）、叶片光合特性（光响应曲线、最大净光合速率、气孔导度日变化）、叶绿素指数（SPAD值）、花芽分化（各花序花芽数量、开花时数、坐果率）、产量（单株产量、单株果数、单果重、单位面积产量）、果实品质（含水率、可溶性糖、滴定酸、可溶性蛋白、糖酸比），并计算电能利用效率。【结果】红蓝9/1+FR处理显著改善了植株形态结构，促进光截获，增加花芽分化数量，产量较对照提升45%，较红蓝9/1处理提升11.8%，其电能利用效率最高，较红蓝9/1处理提升51.5%。白光+UVA虽促进营养生长（地上部干重和叶面积较对照分别增加144%和112%），但最大净光合速率、花芽总数和坐果率较白光处理分别下降29.5%、15.0%和21.2%，产量与对照无显著差异，而较白光下降23.2%。延长光周期至16 h，植株形态呈现出避荫反应特征，群体光截获能力大幅提升，叶面积和地上部干重较对照分别增加167%和163%，花芽总数较对照提升110.7%，产量较对照提升60.2%，较10 h光周期处理提升45.6%，电能利用效率较10 h光周期处理提升142.5%。所有补光处理均提升了果实的滴定酸和可溶性蛋白含量，而红蓝9/1和红蓝9/1+FR处理的可溶性糖含量显著高于其他处理。【结论】在日光温室草莓补光生产中，应考虑应用远红光，避免使用近紫外光，并适当延长光照时间来有效提升草莓产量、品质和电能利用效率。

关键词: LED补光, 草莓, 非可见光, 光周期, 日光温室

Abstract:

【Objective】This study investigated the effects of far-red (FR), ultraviolet-A (UVA), and photoperiod on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of substrate-cultivated strawberry in a solar greenhouse, aiming to develop an efficient supplemental lighting strategy for winter-spring production in China.【Method】The experiment was conducted from September 2024 to February 2025 in a solar greenhouse in Beijing, using the cultivar Red Face in an elevated substrate cultivation system. LED supplementary lighting was initiated at the early stage of flower bud differentiation (November 18, 2024), with lamps positioned 20 cm above the canopy. Treatments included different light qualities (Red/Blue 9/1, Red/Blue 9/1+FR, White light, White light+UVA) and photoperiods (10 h and 16 h), all using 120 W LED lamps with a canopy photosynthetic photon flux density of 270-290 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 (FR at 25-30 and UVA at 15-20 μmol·m^-2·s^-1). Lamps were automatically controlled by sensors (on when natural PPFD <300, off when >500). No supplemental lighting served as control, with three replicates per treatment (each replicate being one 10 m cultivation ridge). Plant morphology, leaf photosynthesis, SPAD index, flower bud differentiation, yield components, fruit quality, and electrical energy use efficiency (EUE) were measured.【Result】Red/Blue 9/1+FR significantly improved plant architecture, light interception, and flower bud differentiation. It increased yield by 45.0% compared to control and by 11.8% compared to Red/Blue 9/1, achieving the highest EUE (51.5% higher than Red/Blue 9/1). White light+UVA promoted vegetative growth (aboveground dry weight and leaf area increased by 144% and 112%, respectively, compared to control), but reduced maximum net photosynthetic rate by 29.5%, total flower buds by 15.0%, and fruit set by 21.2% compared to white light, resulting in yield comparable to control and 23.2% lower than white light. Extending photoperiod to 16 h induced shade-avoidance responses, with leaf area and aboveground dry weight increased by 167% and 163% compared to control, total flower buds increased by 110.7%, and yield increased by 60.2% (45.6% higher than 10 h treatment), with EUE 142.5% higher than the 10 h treatment. All supplemental lighting treatments increased fruit titratable acid and soluble protein contents, while soluble sugar content under Red/Blue 9/1 and Red/Blue 9/1+FR was significantly higher than other treatments.【Conclusion】In winter-spring strawberry production in solar greenhouses, FR supplementation and extended photoperiod (16 h) are recommended to effectively improve yield, quality, and energy use efficiency, while UVA should be avoided.

Key words: LED supplementary lighting, strawberry, non-visible light, photoperiod, Chinese solar greenhouse

张涵, 黎景来, 张玉琪, 郭健, 李星, 李涛. 光质和光周期对设施草莓生长调控的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(20): 4531-4546.

ZHANG Han, LI JingLai, ZHANG YuQi, GUO Jian, LI Xing, LI Tao. Effects of Light Quality and Photoperiod on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Substrate-Cultivated Strawberry in a Chinese Solar Greenhouse[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(20): 4531-4546.

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试验 Experiment	处理 Treatment	光子通量密度 Photon flux density (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	^1）补光灯运行时段 Operation period of supplementary lighting
光质 Light quality	白光White light	270-290 (Red/Blue=1/1)	8:00-18:00
	红蓝9/1 Red/blue 9/1	270-290
	红蓝9/1+远红光Red/blue 9/1+FR	270-290(FR=25-30)
	白光+UVA White light+UVA	270-290(UVA=15-20)
光周期 Photoperiod	10 h（白光）10 h (white light)	270-290	8:00-18:00 8:00-24:00
光周期 Photoperiod	16 h（白光）16 h (white light)	270-290	8:00-18:00 8:00-24:00

试验 Experiment	处理 Treatment	地上部干重 Above-ground dry weight (g)	叶片数 Leaf number	总叶面积 Total leaf area (cm²)	比叶面积 Specific leaf area (cm²·g^-1)	叶柄长度 Petiole length (cm)
光质 Light quality	对照CK	8.4±0.3d	23.3±0.5c	662±47c	137.4±5.4a	14.4±0.5c
	白光White light	17.7±1.1ab	27.3±1.0b	1284±77a	136.9±2.2a	18.2±1.0b
	红蓝9/1 Red/blue 9/1	13.5±1.0c	28.5±0.5a	1050±106b	137.1±2.9a	17.1±0.5b
	红蓝9/1+远红光Red/blue 9/1+FR	16.6±0.6b	29.3±0.6a	1066±48b	131.9±3.0a	15.0±0.6c
	白光+UVA White light+UVA	20.5±1.3a	24.5±0.6c	1404±113a	129.5±5.9a	22.3±0.6a
光周期 Photoperiod	对照CK	8.4±0.3c	23.3±0.5b	662±47c	137.4±5.4a	14.4±0.5c
	10 h（白光）10 h (white light)	17.7±1.1b	27.3±1.0a	1284±77b	136.9±2.2a	18.2±1.0b
	16 h（白光）16 h (white light)	22.1±1.4a	21.7±0.6c	1769±148a	139.0±7.2a	28.0±0.6a

试验Experiment	处理 Treatment	第一花序花芽数量 Flower buds of 1st inflorescence	第二花序花芽数量 Flower buds of 2nd inflorescence	第三花序花芽数量 Flower buds of 3rd inflorescence	总花芽数 Total flower buds	开花时数 Flowering hours (h)	坐果率 Fruit set rate (%)
光质 Light quality	对照CK	7.4±0.5c	7.1±0.3d	5.0±0.3c	19.5±0.8c	139.0±7.0a	26±2c
	白光White light	9.5±0.9b	9.8±0.8ab	6.3±0.6ab	25.6±1.1b	111.5±4.3b	33±2b
	红蓝9/1 Red/blue9/1	12.3±0.7a	9.5±0.5b	5.6±0.4b	27.4±1.5ab	119.2±4.9b	36±1ab
	红蓝9/1+远红光Red/blue9/1+FR	11.3±0.5a	11.1±1.0a	7.9±0.7a	30.3±1.4a	111.8±4.6b	38±1a
	白光+UVA White light+UVA	9.0±0.4b	8.4±0.5c	5.5±0.5b	22.9±1.0c	129.8±6.2a	26±1c
光周期 Photoperiod	对照CK	7.4±0.5c	7.1±0.3c	5.0±0.3c	19.5±0.8c	139.0±7.0a	26±2b
	10 h（白光） 10 h (white light)	9.5±0.9b	9.8±0.8b	6.3±0.6b	25.6±1.1b	111.5±4.3b	33±2a
	16 h（白光） 16 h (white light)	13.1±0.6a	13.9±1.3a	12.4±0.9a	41.1±1.8a	131.5±5.2a	22±1c

试验Experiment	处理Treatment	单株果数Fruit number per plant	单果重Single fruit weight (g)
光质 Light quality	对照CK	6.1±0.3c	27.5±0.4a
	白光White light	7.8±0.2b	26.3±0.6b
	红蓝9/1 Red/blue9/1	9.3±0.4a	24.3±0.4c
	红蓝9/1+远红光Red/blue9/1+FR	9.9±0.5a	26.1±0.3b
	白光+UVA White light+UVA	6.9±0.3c	26.0±0.5b
光周期 Photoperiod	对照CK	6.1±0.3c	27.5±0.4b
	10 h（白光）10 h (white light)	7.8±0.2b	26.3±0.6c
	16 h（白光）16 h (white light)	10.3±0.6a	28.6±0.5a

试验 Experiment	处理 Treatment	果实含水率 Fruit water content (%)	果实可溶性糖含量 Fruit soluble sugar content (mg·g^-1)	果实滴定酸含量 Fruit titratable acid content (mg·g^-1)	果实糖酸比 Fruit sugar acid ratio	果实可溶性蛋白含量 Fruit soluble protein content (mg·g^-1)
光质 Light quality	对照CK	90.8±0.7a	56.9±1.1b	7.9±0.1d	7.1±0.2b	0.5±0.0b
	白光White light	89.6±0.3b	55.6±2.7b	9.8±0.2b	6.0±0.2c	0.6±0.0a
	红蓝9/1 Red/blue9/1	91.1±1.0a	67.6±3.0a	9.3±0.1c	7.6±0.3a	0.6±0.0a
	红蓝9/1+远红光Red/blue9/1+FR	90.3±0.3ab	66.5±1.9a	10.9±0.1a	6.3±0.2c	0.6±0.0a
	白光+UVA White light+UVA	89.4±1.6ab	56.6±5.1b	9.5±0.1bc	5.7±0.7c	0.6±0.0a
光周期 Photoperiod	对照CK	90.8±0.7a	56.9±1.1a	7.9±0.1b	7.1±0.2a	0.5±0.0b
	10 h（白光）10 h (white light)	89.6±0.3b	55.6±2.7a	9.8±0.2a	6.0±0.2b	0.6±0.0a
	16 h（白光）16 h (white light)	90.2±0.2ab	58.1±1.8a	9.7±0.1a	6.2±0.1b	0.6±0.0a