日光温室冬春茬黄瓜滴灌的肥水优化管理

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.20.015

中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (20): 3648-3660.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.20.015

• 专题：温室蔬菜水肥管理 • 上一篇下一篇

日光温室冬春茬黄瓜滴灌的肥水优化管理

李若楠^1,²,黄绍文¹(),史建硕²,王丽英²(),唐继伟¹,张怀志¹,袁硕¹,翟凤芝²,任燕利²,郭丽²

¹ 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081
² 河北省农林科学院农业资源环境研究所,石家庄050051

收稿日期:2019-05-21 接受日期:2019-07-15 出版日期:2019-10-16 发布日期:2019-10-28
通讯作者: 黄绍文,王丽英
作者简介:李若楠,E-mailliruonan2004@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0201001);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-23-B02);河北省农林科学院科学技术研究与发展计划(2018130101);河北省农林科学院农业资源高效利用与绿色增长创新团队项目(F17R01)

Optimization Management of Water and Fertilization for Winter-Spring Cucumber Under Greenhouse Drip Irrigation Condition

RuoNan LI^1,²,ShaoWen HUANG¹(),JianShuo SHI²,LiYing WANG²(),JiWei TANG¹,HuaiZhi ZHANG¹,Shuo YUAN¹,FengZhi ZHAI²,YanLi REN²,Li GUO²

¹ Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
² Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051

Received:2019-05-21 Accepted:2019-07-15 Online:2019-10-16 Published:2019-10-28
Contact: ShaoWen HUANG,LiYing WANG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 明确滴灌黄瓜不同生育阶段适宜的土壤含水量指标和土壤氮素供应值,优化关键生育时期肥水施用,为保障设施黄瓜绿色生产与高产提供科学依据。【方法】 供试作物为日光温室冬春茬黄瓜。在相同基肥用量下,滴灌追肥设计低量（W1）、中量（W2）、高量（W3）3个灌水量和低量（F1）、中量（F2）、高量（F3）3个施肥量,共9个肥水组合处理。分生育阶段分析产量、品质、养分吸收量与肥水用量、主根区（0—40 cm）土壤含水量及养分供应水平的响应关系。【结果】 （1）与W1处理相比,W2、W3处理商品瓜总产量显著增加,增幅11.1%—12.8%,其中W3处理第1、2次肥水管理期间商品瓜产量显著降低,降幅10.4%—17.7%,W2、W3处理第6—8、10—12和14—16次肥水管理期间商品瓜产量分别增加10.8%—26.2%、21.2%—40.3%和33.5%—46.4%;W2、W3处理氮、磷、钾总吸收量显著增加,增幅分别为17.9%—20.2%、28.3%—36.3%、25.9%—33.7%,其中进入产瓜盛期后,阶段养分吸收量增加显著;W2、W3处理产瓜期间主根区平均体积含水量增加4.2—6.4个百分点,保持在相对含水量79%—87%;果实含水量增加0.2—0.3个百分点,但果实可溶性固形物、硝酸盐、可溶性糖、Vc含量分别下降7.4%—10.1%、0.9%—5.4%、5.9%—6.2%、5.5%—12.8%;产瓜期间主根区硝态氮含量降低9.1%—68.0%;灌水利用效率下降31.1%—49.3%。（2）与F1处理相比,F2、F3处理商品瓜总产量增加4.0%—7.9%;氮、磷、钾总吸收量显著增加,增幅分别为9.7%—13.1%、7.9%—11.8%、12.6%—17.3%;F2、F3处理产瓜期间主根区硝态氮含量增加38.0%—162.0%,分别保持在24.6—47.9、27.3—72.2 mg·kg ^-1;但果实硝酸盐含量增加5.5%—14.6%,肥料利用效率下降32.1%—47.8%。（3）从全生育期角度综合肥水效应,W2F2处理能保持较高产量、肥水利用效率和较优品质,同时降低土壤氮素残留,为冬春茬黄瓜兼顾绿色生产与高产的滴灌肥水用量。【结论】 高产（170—180 t·hm ^-2）温室滴灌冬春茬黄瓜3月下旬至4月下旬（产瓜初期）、4月下旬至5月中旬（产瓜盛期前期）、5月中旬至6月中旬（产瓜盛期）、6月中旬至7月上旬（产瓜末期）主根区土壤适宜相对含水量分别为63%、78%、82%、85%,下限控制在61%、73%、78%、81%;在3月下旬至4月上旬,主根区相对含水量上限控制在67%—71%。产瓜期间主根区适宜硝态氮含量维持在25—40 mg·kg ^-1。

关键词: 日光温室, 滴灌, 冬春茬黄瓜, 土壤含水量控制值, 土壤氮素供应值, 肥水管理方案

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study focused on determining the appropriate soil water parameters and the potential of soil nitrogen supply at different growth stages of drip irrigated cucumber to optimize the water and fertilizer management and to guarantee the sustainable green and high yield production.【Method】 A plot experiment was conducted inside a greenhouse using cucumber as tested material during the winter-spring growing season. Drip irrigation with 3 water amounts (W1, W2 and W3) and 3 fertilizer amounts (F1, F2 and F3) were designed to form 9 combination treatments. The impacts of the irrigation and fertilization amounts on the fruit yield, qualities, nutrient uptakes, water and fertilizer use efficiencies, soil water contents and nutrient availabilities were analyzed in the study. The response relationships between the marketable yields , the root zone soil water and available nitrogen contents at different growth stages were built.【Result】 (1) Compared with W1, the total marketable yields were increased by 11.1%-12.8% under W2 and W3. The marketable yields were deceased by 10.4%-17.7% under W3 during the 1st-2nd fertigation managements, but which increased by 10.8%-26.2%, 21.2%-40.3% and 33.5%-46.4% under W2 and W3 during the 6th-8th, 10th-12th and 14th-16th fertigation managements, respectively. The rootzone (0-40 cm soil layer) soil water contents were increased by 4.2-6.4 percentage point by maintaining at the soil relative water content of 79%-87% uder W2 and W3 and the N, P₂O₅ and K₂O uptakes by 17.9%-20.2%, 28.3%-36.3% and 25.9%-33.7%, respectively. However, the rootzone nitrate nitrogen contents were decreased by 9.1%-68.0% under W2 and W3, the water use efficiency by 31.1%-49.3%, and the fruit soluble solids, nitrate, soluble sugar and Vc contents by 7.4%-10.1%, 0.9%-5.4%, 5.9%-6.2% and 5.5%-12.8%, respectively. (2) Compared with F1, the total marketable yields were increased by 4.0%-7.9% under F2 and F3. The rootzone (0-40 cm soil layer) nitrate nitrogen contents were increased by 38.0%-162.0% under F2 and F3, and the N, P₂O₅ and K₂O uptakes by 9.7%-13.1%, 7.9%-11.8% and 12.6%-17.3%, respectively. However, the fruit nitrate contents increased by 5.5%-14.6% under F2 and F3 and the partial factor productivities were deceased by 32.1%-47.8%. (3) From the view of whole growth period, W2F2 was recommended to drip irrigated cucumber because of the relatively higher yield, water and fertilizer use efficiencies and qualities, and lower residual soil nitrogen.【Conclusion】 For greenhouse cucumber with a target yield of 170-180 t·hm ^-2, the appropriate soil relative water contents were recommended as 63%, 78%, 82% and 85% during the March 21th- April 20th (the initial harvesting stage), April 21th-May 20th (the early vigorous harvesting stage), May 21th-June 20th (the vigorous harvesting stage) and June 21th-July 10th (the late harvesting stage), respectively. The corresponding low limits of soil relative water contents were recommended as 61%, 73%, 78% and 81%, respectively. The suitable rootzone nitrate nitrogen should be maintained at 25-40 mg·kg ^-1 during the yield formation.

Key words: greenhouse, drip irrigation, winter-spring cucumber, soil water content limits, soil available nitrogen level, optimization of water and fertilization managements

李若楠,黄绍文,史建硕,王丽英,唐继伟,张怀志,袁硕,翟凤芝,任燕利,郭丽. 日光温室冬春茬黄瓜滴灌的肥水优化管理[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(20): 3648-3660.

RuoNan LI,ShaoWen HUANG,JianShuo SHI,LiYing WANG,JiWei TANG,HuaiZhi ZHANG,Shuo YUAN,FengZhi ZHAI,YanLi REN,Li GUO. Optimization Management of Water and Fertilization for Winter-Spring Cucumber Under Greenhouse Drip Irrigation Condition[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(20): 3648-3660.

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	单次滴灌水量 Irrigation rates (m³·hm^-2)			单次滴灌肥量 Fertilizer rate (kg·hm^-2)
	W1	W2	W3	F1	F2	F3
定植至开花期间Seedling stage to flowering stage	90.0	135.0	180.0	37.5	75.0	112.5
花后至拉秧期间Flowering stage to vine removed stage	120.0	195.0	270.0	75.0	112.5	150.0

处理 Treatment		商品瓜 Marketable cucumber				肥料利用效率Fertilization use efficiency (kg·kg^-1)
处理 Treatment		总产量 Total fruit yield (t·hm^-2)	瓜条数 Total fruit number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	单瓜重 Signal fruit weight (g)	灌水利用效率及肥料利用效率 Irrigation use efficiency (kg·m^-3)	肥料利用效率Fertilization use efficiency (kg·kg^-1)
灌水量 Irrigation rate	W1	160.8 b	86.9 b	185.8 a	86.4
	W2	178.7 a	93.0 a	192.1 a	59.6
	W3	181.4 a	93.8 a	193.5 a	43.8
施肥量 Fertilization rate	F1	167.0 B	86.7 B	192.9 A		296.9
	F2	173.8 AB	92.2 A	188.4 A		201.5
	F3	180.1 A	94.7 A	190.1 A		154.9
P值 P value
	W	<0.01**	0.03*	0.06	—	—
	F	0.01*	0.02*	0.37	—	—
	W×F	0.45	0.62	0.87	—	—

处理 Treatment		硝酸盐 Nitrate content (mg·kg^-1)	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar content (mg·g^-1)	Vc (mg·100 g^-1)	可溶性固形物 Soluble solids content (%)	果实含水量 Fruit water content (%)
灌水量 Irrigation rate	W1	269.7 a	57.1 a	1.2 a	3.9 a	96.6 a
	W2	267.3 a	53.7 a	1.2 a	3.6 b	96.8 a
	W3	255.0 a	53.6 a	1.1 a	3.5 b	96.9 a
施肥量 Fertilization rate	F1	247.4 B	55.9 A	1.1 A	3.7 A	96.7 A
	F2	261.1 AB	54.5 A	1.2 A	3.7 A	96.8 A
	F3	283.5 A	54.0 A	1.2 A	3.7 A	96.8 A
P值 P value
	W	0.51	0.08	0.60	0.02*	0.14
	F	0.05*	0.48	0.45	0.80	0.62
	W×F	0.95	0.87	0.63	0.91	0.24

肥水施用频次 (起始月/日—终止月/日) Fertigation sequence (the beginning date — the ending date)	W1	W2	W3
第1次 The first practice (3/23—3/31)	16.6 a (64)	18.0 a (70)	20.4 a (79)
第2次 The second practice (3/31—4/8)	15.9 a (62)	17.9 a (69)	20.3 a (79)
第3次 The third practice (4/8—4/14)	16.4 b (63)	19.4 ab (75)	21.7 a (84)
第4次 The forth practice (4/14—4/25)	16.6 b (64)	19.8 ab (76)	21.8 a (84)
第5次 The fifth practice (4/25—5/2)	16.6 b (64)	20.4 a (79)	22.0 a (85)
第6次 The sixth practice (5/2—5/9)	15.8 b (61)	20.2 a (78)	22.2 a (86)
第7次 The seventh practice (5/9—5/18)	14.8 b (57)	20.1 a (77)	22.3 a (86)
第8次 The eighth practice (5/18—5/24)	14.5 b (56)	20.5 a (79)	22.9 a (89)
第9次 The ninth practice (5/24—5/29)	15.2 b (59)	21.1 a (81)	23.3 a (90)
第10次 The tenth practice (5/29—6/3)	15.6 b (60)	21.2 a (82)	23.2 a (90)
第11次 The eleventh practice (6/3—6/8)	15.6 b (60)	21.3 a (82)	23.3 a (90)
第12次 The twelfth practice (6/8—6/13)	16.0 b (62)	21.6 a (83)	23.6 a (92)
第13次 The thirteenth practice (6/13—6/18)	16.7 b (65)	21.9 a (84)	23.7 a (92)
第14次 The fourteenth practice (6/18—6/23)	17.2 b (67)	22.0 a (85)	23.7 a (92)
第15次 The fifteenth practice (6/23—6/28)	17.6 b (68)	22.2 a (86)	23.9 a (93)
第16次 The sixteenth practice (6/28—7/4)	17.8 b (69)	22.1 a (85)	23.5 a (91)
开花至拉秧期间 (3/23—7/4) Flowering to vine removing	16.2 b (63)	20.4 a (79)	22.5 a (87)

处理 Treatment		0—20 cm土层 0-20 cm soil layer		20—40 cm土层 20-40 cm soil layer
处理 Treatment		苗期 Seedling stage	产瓜初期 Early fruiting stage	苗期 Seedling stage	产瓜初期 Early fruiting stage	产瓜盛期 Vigorous fruiting stage
灌水量 Irrigation rate	W1	36.6 a	35.9 a	31.0 a	28.2 a	32.6 a
	W2	26.4 b	23.8 b	24.8 b	25.6 ab	27.8 ab
	W3	22.1 b	18.1 b	18.2 c	23.1 b	22.8 b
施肥量 Fertilization rate	F1	24.8 A	16.6 B	21.7 A	17.9 C	16.1 C
	F2	26.4 A	26.5 AB	25.0 A	24.6 B	27.6 B
	F3	33.9 A	34.7 A	27.3 A	34.4 A	39.5 A
P值 P value
	W	<0.01**	<0.01**	<0.01**	0.04*	0.04*
	F	0.06	<0.01**	0.09	<0.01**	<0.01**
	W×F	0.77	0.36	0.75	0.75	0.34

日光温室冬春茬黄瓜滴灌的肥水优化管理

Optimization Management of Water and Fertilization for Winter-Spring Cucumber Under Greenhouse Drip Irrigation Condition

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	处理 Treatment		0—20 cm土层 0- 20 cm soil layer		20—40 cm土层 20-40 cm soil layer
	处理 Treatment		产瓜盛期 Vigorous fruiting stage	产瓜末期 Late fruiting stage	产瓜末期 Late fruiting stage
灌水量 Irrigation rate	W1		38.7 a	79.0 a	52.9 a
	W2		28.5 b	43.3 b	31.3 b
	W3		24.3 b	25.3 c	23.3 c
施肥量 Fertilization rate	F1		17.9 C	27.6 C	22.7 C
	F2		28.1 B	47.9 B	34.2 B
	F3		45.6 A	72.2 A	50.6 A
灌水量×施肥量 Irrigation rate×Fertilization rate	F1	W1	19.7 cd	47.9 c	30.7 c
		W2	17.9 cd	19.8 e	19.7 d
		W3	15.9 d	14.9 e	17.6 d
	F2	W1	34.1 b	74.4 b	50.9 b
		W2	28.9 bc	41.9 cd	29.7 c
		W3	21.2 cd	27.3 de	21.8 cd
	F3	W1	62.4 a	114.7 a	77.0 a
		W2	38.7 b	68.1 b	44.4 b
		W3	35.6 b	33.7 cde	30.6 c
P值 P value
	W		<0.01**	<0.01**	<0.01**
	F		<0.01**	<0.01**	<0.01**
	W×F		0.02*	0.02*	<0.01**

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