滴灌水肥一体化条件下种植密度对夏玉米受精结实特性的调控

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.24.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】揭示滴灌水肥一体化条件下种植密度对夏玉米受精结实特性的调控机制，明确水肥一体化条件下玉米种植密度与穗粒数和产量形成的关系。【方法】于2023—2024年，选用中大穗型玉米品种登海605（DH605）和小穗型玉米品种MY73为试验材料，设置畦灌灌水和肥料播前一次性基施的传统水肥管理方式（QG）与滴灌水肥一体化管理方式（DG），以1.5万株/hm²为梯度，设置1.5—12.0万株/hm²共8个种植密度，探讨滴灌水肥一体化条件下种植密度对夏玉米受精结实特性和产量形成的影响。【结果】与QG处理相比，DH605和MY73两品种在DG处理下的株高、叶面积密度（SDLA）均升高，雌雄穗分化进程加快；雄穗小花数增加、败育率下降，雌穗花丝数、总小花数及受精小花数增多，且小花结实率、总结实率提高；雌雄间隔期（ASI）缩短约1 d，空秆率下降，最高产量分别提升7.6%和6.4%。在不同水肥管理下，随种植密度的增加，两品种的株高和SDLA均上升，但雌雄穗发育受抑：雄穗小花数减少、败育率升高；雌穗吐丝数、受精小花数减少，小花受精率和总受精率先升后降；高密条件下ASI延长约1 d，空秆率和秃顶长度增加，产量呈先升后降趋势。此外，MY73的雌雄穗分化进程快于DH605，ASI更短，株高更低且SDLA更大，其小花结实率和总结实率随SDLA的升高，下降幅度不显著，且达到最大产量的种植密度更高。【结论】在本试验条件下，种植密度过高会对受精结实特性产生显著负面影响，进而影响穗粒数的建成，不利于产量的提高。滴灌水肥一体化技术相较于传统灌溉方式，可有效缓解高密度条件对夏玉米受精结实特性造成的负面影响，进而提高产量，其中DH605和MY73分别在种植密度为6.0和7.5万株/hm²时达到最大产量。

关键词: 夏玉米, 滴灌水肥一体化, 种植密度, 受精结实特性, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】The purpose of this study was to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of planting density on fertilization and kernel-setting characteristics in summer maize under drip fertigation conditions, and to clarify the relationship between planting density and kernel number per ear as well as yield formation under integrated water-fertilizer management.【Method】In 2023-2024, this experiment selected the medium-large ear type maize variety Denghai 605 (DH605) and the small ear type maize variety MY73 as test materials. It set up a traditional water and fertilizer management method (QG) with border irrigation and one-time base application of fertilizer before sowing, as well as a drip irrigation integrated water and fertilizer management method (DG). With a gradient of 15 000 plants/hm², a total of 8 planting densities ranging from 15 000 to 120 000 plants/hm² were set up to explore the impact of planting density on the fertilization and seed-setting characteristics and yield formation of summer maize under the integrated water and fertilizer management of drip irrigation.【Result】Compared with the QG treatment, the plant height and specific leaf area density (SDLA) of both DH605 and MY73 varieties increased under QG treatment, and the differentiation process of male and female spikes accelerated. The number of florets on the male spike increased, while the abortion rate decreased. The number of filaments, total florets, and fertilized florets on the female spike increased, and the seed setting rate and total seed setting rate improved too. The anthesis-silking interval (ASI) shortened by about 1 day, the empty spike rate decreased, and the maximum yields increased by 7.6% and 6.4%, respectively. Under different water and fertilizer management conditions, as planting density increased, the plant height and SDLA of both varieties increased, but the development of male and female spikes was inhibited: the number of florets on the male spike decreased, and the abortion rate increased; the number of silk-spinning and fertilized florets on the female spike decreased, and the fertilization rate and total fertilization rate of florets first increased and then decreased; under high-density conditions, the ASI extended by about 1 day, the empty spike rate and bald tip length increased, and the yield showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. In addition, the differentiation process of male and female spikes in MY73 was faster than that in DH605, with a shorter ASI, lower plant height, and larger SDLA. The decrease in the seed setting rate and total seed setting rate with increasing SDLA was not significant, and the planting density for achieving maximum yield was higher.【Conclusion】Under the conditions of this experiment, excessive planting density would have a significant negative impact on fertilization and fruiting characteristics, thereby affecting the establishment of grain number per ear and hindering yield improvement. Compared with traditional irrigation methods, drip irrigation water fertilizer integration technology could effectively alleviate the negative impact of high-density conditions on the fertilization and fruiting characteristics of summer maize, thereby increasing yield. DH605 and MY73 reached their maximum yields at planting densities of 60 000 plants/hm² and 75 000 plants/hm², respectively.

Key words: summer maize, integrated drip irrigation and water fertilizer, planting density, fertilization and fruiting characteristics, yield

王同超, 于宁宁, 崔栋, 任佰朝, 赵斌, 刘鹏, 任昊, 熊伟, 张吉旺. 滴灌水肥一体化条件下种植密度对夏玉米受精结实特性的调控[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(24): 5156-5174.

WANG TongChao, YU NingNing, CUI Dong, REN BaiZhao, ZHAO Bin, LIU Peng, REN Hao, XIONG Wei, ZHANG JiWang. Regulation of Fertilization and Kernel Set Characteristics in Summer Maize by Planting Density Under Drip Fertigation Conditions[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(24): 5156-5174.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.24.005

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2025/V58/I24/5156

图/表 9

图1

图2

表1

表2

图3

表3

不同水肥管理方式和种植密度对玉米受精结实特性的影响"

年份 Year	水肥管理方式 Water and fertilizer management method	品种 Hybrid	处理 Treatment	总小花数 No. of total florets	受精小花数 No. of fertilized florets	小花结实率 The floret setting rate (%)	总结实率 The total rate (%)	穗粒数 No. of grains per ear
2023	QG	DH605	T1	877.75a	806.52a	72c	67e	585d
			T2	827.40b	799.31a	83a	80b	662a
			T3	786.51c	769.66b	83a	81b	635b
			T4	734.83d	725.54c	82a	82a	606c
			T5	715.14e	699.05d	81b	79c	563e
			T6	689.74f	676.49e	73c	71d	492f
			T7	672.24g	645.15f	66d	64f	427g
			T8	655.88h	603.25g	65d	61g	397h
		MY73	T1	930.83a	892.57a	69g	67h	619a
			T2	907.34b	858.94b	71f	67g	612ab
			T3	765.08c	746.86d	79ab	78c	596b
			T4	749.52d	731.88e	81a	79a	591bc
			T5	741.92e	733.08e	79b	79b	585c
			T6	743.34f	725.42e	78c	77d	572d
			T7	730.34g	721.43f	77d	77de	562e
			T8	708.77h	699.44g	72e	71f	505g
	DG	DH605	T1	878.42a	821.75a	73c	68c	601d
			T2	830.30b	804.97a	83a	80a	665a
			T3	797.07c	767.73b	83a	80a	636b
			T4	745.47d	732.13c	83a	81a	606c
			T5	715.17e	699.83d	81ab	79ab	564e
			T6	699.47ef	675.13e	79b	76b	532f
			T7	682.95fg	646.95f	72c	68c	466g
			T8	654.65g	641.38f	70c	66c	432h
		MY73	T1	931.54a	893.26a	70g	67h	626a
			T2	892.65b	856.94b	72f	69g	617b
			T3	753.01d	735.29e	82ab	80ab	600c
			T4	746.73de	729.16f	82a	80a	595cd
			T5	735.44e	726.68f	81b	80ab	586d
			T6	738.05e	729.16f	80c	79c	581de
			T7	724.02g	715.19e	79d	78d	563e
			T8	722.22g	712.71e	73e	72f	520f
2024	QG	DH605	T1	857.67a	811.00a	69d	65d	561d
			T2	826.33b	794.33b	82a	79a	653a
			T3	763.33c	747.67c	80c	78a	597b
			T4	746.00d	722.67d	81b	78a	582c
			T5	718.00e	691.67e	79c	76b	545e
			T6	697.00f	675.33f	69d	67c	469f
			T7	658.00g	633.67g	63e	61e	401g
			T8	626.00h	589.33h	63e	59f	370h
		MY73	T1	914.75a	889.68a	69g	67g	617a
			T2	872.38b	837.95b	72e	69f	605b
			T3	790.13d	752.06d	79ab	75c	593c
			T4	756.09e	746.98e	79a	78a	589c
			T5	753.73f	735.57f	79ab	77ab	580d
			T6	751.31f	732.99f	78b	76b	571e
			T7	724.85g	706.95g	77c	75c	544f
			T8	696.14h	678.05h	73d	71e	496h
	DG	DH605	T1	835.67a	813.67a	69d	68e	564d
			T2	819.00b	802.33b	81a	79a	651a
			T3	771.67c	763.33c	80b	79ab	612b
			T4	743.33d	731.00d	80b	79bc	584c
			T5	713.33e	696.33e	80b	78c	559e
			T6	694.67f	674.67f	78c	76d	529f
			T7	660.67g	643.33g	69d	67e	445g
			T8	669.00g	626.33h	65e	61f	408h
		MY73	T1	914.02a	888.98a	70f	68g	623a
			T2	876.14b	830.62b	74e	70f	614b
			T3	791.13c	753.01d	80ab	76c	600c
			T4	762.60d	735.36e	81a	78a	593d
			T5	748.45e	730.42f	80b	78a	582e
			T6	745.88e	727.91f	80bc	78a	580e
			T7	723.95f	706.30g	79c	77b	556f
			T8	720.83f	684.33h	76d	72e	519h
ANOVA
WF				*	*	*	**	**
PD				**	**	**	**	**
Y				ns	ns	ns	ns	*
H				**	**	*	*	**
WF×PD				*	*	**	**	**
WF×H				**	**	**	**	**
PD×H				**	**	**	**	**
WF×PD×H				**	**	**	**	**
WF×PD×Y×H				ns	ns	ns	ns	*

表3

图4

图5

表4

不同水肥管理方式和种植密度对夏玉米产量及其构成因素的影响"

年份 Year	水肥管理方式 Water and fertilizer management method	品种 Hybrid	种植密度 Planting density	穗数 Ear number (ears/hm²)	穗粒数 No.of grains	千粒重 1000-grain mass (g)	籽粒产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2023	QG	DH605	T1	33467h	585d	400a	7827g
			T2	36496g	662a	406a	9806f
			T3	46161f	635b	390b	11449e
			T4	57322e	606c	381c	13234c
			T5	69609d	563e	366d	14362a
			T6	81868c	492f	346e	13941b
			T7	89917b	427g	338f	12961c
			T8	93874a	397h	323g	12057d
		MY73	T1	30239g	560e	306c	5191g
			T2	35089f	516f	324b	5866f
			T3	43504e	596a	331a	8587e
			T4	53040d	591b	327ab	10246d
			T5	66709c	585c	319b	12445c
			T6	77292b	572d	306c	13523a
			T7	79568ab	562e	299c	13371b
			T8	87850a	505g	281d	12475c
	DG	DH605	T1	33333h	601d	399a	7992f
			T2	37129g	665a	401a	9897e
			T3	46147f	636b	394b	11572d
			T4	58313e	606c	381c	13474c
			T5	69892d	564e	369d	14551b
			T6	82606c	532f	346e	15173a
			T7	93403b	466g	332f	14468b
			T8	99653a	432h	322g	13862c
		MY73	T1	35203g	563e	312d	6174g
			T2	36417g	531f	321c	6207g
			T3	44113f	600a	335a	8868f
			T4	53245e	595b	330b	10470e
			T5	65040d	586c	324c	12358d
			T6	77329c	581d	311d	13947b
			T7	84841b	563e	302e	14441a
			T8	90325a	520g	283f	13302c
2024	QG	DH605	T1	30833h	561d	394a	6819g
			T2	31667g	653a	395a	8174f
			T3	45560f	597b	379b	10346e
			T4	59511e	582c	365c	12657b
			T5	72078d	545e	343d	13465a
			T6	84083c	469f	326e	12846b
			T7	91600b	401g	324e	11912c
			T8	91889a	370h	319f	10861d
		MY73	T1	30611h	560e	284e	4867f
			T2	38111g	524g	287d	5732e
			T3	47801f	593a	298a	8434d
			T4	58423e	589b	294b	10106c
			T5	72587d	580c	291c	12233b
			T6	86678c	571d	268f	13274a
			T7	92974b	544f	262g	13237a
			T8	96178a	496h	256h	12235b
	DG	DH605	T1	30838h	564d	395a	6882f
			T2	32124g	651a	396a	8278e
			T3	45684f	612b	391a	10918d
			T4	59811e	584c	373b	13044c
			T5	73133d	559e	343c	14012b
			T6	84300c	529f	335d	14952a
			T7	98011b	445g	319e	13941b
			T8	101511a	408h	317e	13137c
		MY73	T1	35644g	562d	286d	5724g
			T2	39222f	536f	288d	6053f
			T3	48167e	600a	303a	8755e
			T4	58739d	593b	299b	10400d
			T5	73988c	582c	292c	12564c
			T6	86799b	581c	271e	13682b
			T7	95568ab	556e	267f	14180a
			T8	98644a	520g	258g	13233bc
ANOVA
WF				*	**	*	**
PD				**	**	**	**
Y				ns	**	**	**
H				**	**	**	**
WF×PD				ns	**	**	**
WF×H				**	**	**	**
PD×H				**	**	**	**
WF×PD×H				**	**	**	**
WF×PD×Y×H				ns	*	ns	ns

表4

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年份 Year	水肥管理方式 Water and fertilizer management method	品种 Hybrid	种植密度 Planting density	散粉日期 Powder dispersal date (Month-date)	吐丝日期 Silk emergence date (Month-date)	雌雄间隔 Male and female interval (d)
2023	QG	DH605	T1	08-15	08-18	3
			T2	08-15	08-18	3
			T3	08-15	08-18	3
			T4	08-16	08-19	3
			T5	08-16	08-19	3
			T6	08-16	08-20	4
			T7	08-17	08-20	4
			T8	08-17	08-21	4
		MY73	T1	08-14	08-16	2
			T2	08-14	08-16	2
			T3	08-14	08-16	2
			T4	08-15	08-17	2
			T5	08-15	08-17	2
			T6	08-15	08-18	3
			T7	08-16	08-18	3
			T8	08-16	08-18	3
	DG	DH605	T1	08-12	08-14	2
			T2	08-12	08-14	2
			T3	08-12	08-14	2
			T4	08-13	08-15	2
			T5	08-13	08-16	3
			T6	08-13	08-16	3
			T7	08-14	08-17	3
			T8	08-14	08-17	3
		MY73	T1	08-12	08-14	2
			T2	08-12	08-14	2
			T3	08-12	08-14	2
			T4	08-12	08-14	2
			T5	08-12	08-14	2
			T6	08-12	08-14	2
			T7	08-13	08-15	2
			T8	08-13	08-15	2
2024	QG	DH605	T1	08-12	08-15	3
			T2	08-12	08-15	3
			T3	08-12	08-15	3
			T4	08-13	08-16	3
			T5	08-13	08-16	3
			T6	08-13	08-16	3
			T7	08-14	08-18	4
			T8	08-14	08-18	4
		MY73	T1	08-11	08-13	2
			T2	08-11	08-13	2
			T3	08-11	08-13	2
			T4	08-11	08-13	2
			T5	08-12	08-14	2
			T6	08-12	08-15	3
			T7	08-13	08-16	3
			T8	08-13	08-16	3
	BG	DH605	T1	08-10	08-12	2
			T2	08-10	08-12	2
			T3	08-10	08-12	2
			T4	08-11	08-13	2
			T5	08-11	08-14	3
			T6	08-11	08-15	3
			T7	08-12	08-15	3
			T8	08-12	08-15	3
		MY73	T1	08-09	08-11	2
			T2	08-09	08-11	2
			T3	08-09	08-11	2
			T4	08-10	08-12	2
			T5	08-10	08-12	2
			T6	08-10	08-12	2
			T7	08-11	08-13	2
			T8	08-11	08-13	2

年份 Year	水肥管理方式 Water and fertilizer management method	品种 Hybrid	处理 Treatment	雄穗小花数 No. of tassel flowers	雄穗小花败育数 No. of aborted tassel flowers	败育率 Abortion rate (%)
2023	QG	DH605	T1	920a	10g	1.1g
			T2	874a	16g	1.9g
			T3	822b	25f	3.0f
			T4	768c	54e	7.0e
			T5	727c	72d	9.9d
			T6	648d	87c	13.4c
			T7	610d	96b	15.7b
			T8	521e	129a	24.8a
		MY73	T1	799a	15f	1.9g
			T2	764b	18f	2.4fg
			T3	758b	22e	2.9f
			T4	628c	32d	5.1e
			T5	623c	49c	7.9d
			T6	614c	65b	10.6c
			T7	535d	66b	12.3b
			T8	509e	71a	13.9a
	DG	DH605	T1	942a	11f	1.2g
			T2	905b	17ef	1.9fg
			T3	848c	23e	2.7f
			T4	821c	43d	5.2e
			T5	783d	65c	8.3d
			T6	714e	71c	9.9c
			T7	637f	89b	14.0b
			T8	577g	114a	19.8a
		MY73	T1	832a	8f	1.0g
			T2	823ab	9f	1.1g
			T3	783b	20e	2.6f
			T4	665c	26d	3.9e
			T5	635d	42c	6.6d
			T6	620de	50b	8.1c
			T7	546f	51b	9.3b
			T8	522g	60a	11.5a
2024	QG	DH605	T1	923a	9f	0.1g
			T2	893a	11f	1.2f
			T3	819b	20e	2.4e
			T4	765c	37d	4.9d
			T5	714d	38d	5.2d
			T6	643e	46c	7.0c
			T7	595f	95b	15.9b
			T8	508g	107a	21.0a
		MY73	T1	801a	10e	1.2f
			T2	774a	19d	2.7e
			T3	778a	20d	2.3e
			T4	631b	23d	3.7e
			T5	631b	45c	7.0d
			T6	630b	55b	9.0c
			T7	494c	60b	12.3b
			T8	518c	75a	14.3a
	DG	DH605	T1	949a	11f	1.2g
			T2	917b	18f	2g
			T3	893bc	27e	3f
			T4	823cd	49d	6e
			T5	779d	62c	8d
			T6	656e	68c	10.3c
			T7	626e	96b	15.3b
			T8	558f	113a	20.3a
		MY73	T1	851a	4f	0.5e
			T2	823ab	10e	1.2e
			T3	803b	16d	2.0d
			T4	680c	35bc	5.0cd
			T5	655c	41bc	6.3bcd
			T6	630c	46abc	7.0bcd
			T7	546d	47ab	8.7b
			T8	497e	56a	11.7a
ANOVA
WF				*	*	*
PD				**	**	**
Y				ns	ns	ns
H				**	**	**
WF×PD				**	**	**
WF×H				**	**	**
PD×H				**	**	**
WF×PD×H				**	**	**
WF×PD×Y×H				ns	ns	ns