滴灌不同用量的氮钾肥对土壤盐分及南疆香梨产量、品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.17.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探明滴灌不同用量氮、钾肥料对省力化密植香梨园土壤盐分、产量以及品质的影响，提出梨园适宜的氮、钾施肥量，为库尔勒香梨科学施肥提供技术支撑。【方法】开展田间试验，设置5个施氮水平，分别为N0(0）、N1(100 kg·hm^-2）、N2(200 kg·hm^-2）、N3(300 kg·hm^-2）、N4(400 kg·hm^-2）；4个施钾水平，分别为K0(0）、K1(50 kg·hm^-2）、K2(100 kg·hm^-2）、K3(150 kg·hm^-2），分析不同施氮和施钾水平下土壤盐分、香梨产量及品质的差异。利用灰色关联度分析综合评价梨园适宜的氮、钾施肥量。【结果】施氮和施钾量显著影响香梨不同生育时期0—100 cm土层土壤盐分累积量(P<0.05），盐分累积量随着施氮量增加先降低后增加，施氮量300 kg·hm^-2时最低，比其他施氮量低18.7%—237.0%；盐分累积量随着施钾量的增加逐渐降低，施钾量150 kg·hm^-2时最低，比其他施钾量低10.0%—219.1%。氮、钾施用量显著影响香梨产量和品质(P<0.05），香梨产量及品质随施氮量的增加先增加后降低，施氮量300 kg·hm^-2时达到最优，产量、单果重和可溶性固形物含量分别提高9.0%—16.7%、2.4%—8.6%和2.3%—5.8%，去皮硬度降低2.5%—4.1%；较高施钾量能够提高香梨产量和品质，施钾量150 kg·hm^-2时达到最优，产量、单果重和可溶性固形物含量分别提高2.2%—7.9%、2.3%—6.5%和0.5%—3.7%，去皮硬度降低0.8%—8.0%。灰色关联度分析结果表明，N3K3处理对库尔勒香梨产量和品质的提升效果优于其他处理。【结论】该地区省力化香梨园滴灌氮、钾施用量分别为300和150 kg·hm^-2时，能够保证香梨优质高产，降低土壤盐渍化风险。

关键词: 库尔勒香梨, 滴灌施肥, 省力化栽培, 土壤盐分, 产量, 品质, 南疆

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to assess the impacts of nitrogen and potassium application rates under drip irrigation on the soil salinity, yield, and quality of labor-saving and high-density Korla fragrant pear orchards, and to put forward the appropriate nitrogen and potassium fertilization was crucial for scientific field fertilization management.【Method】A field experiment was conducted, and the treatments included five nitrogen application rates (0, N0; 100 kg·hm^-2, N1; 200 kg·hm^-2, N2; 300 kg·hm^-2, N3; 400 kg·hm^-2, N4), four potassium application rates (0, K0; 50 kg·hm^-2, K1; 100 kg·hm^-2, K2; 150 kg·hm^-2, K3). The differences in soil salinity, yield and quality of fragrant pears under different nitrogen and potassium application levels were analyzed. The grey correlation analysis was used to assess the optimal N and K application rates.【Result】Nitrogen and potassium application rate significantly influenced soil salt accumulation in the 0-100 cm soil layer at different growth stages (P<0.05). As the nitrogen rate increased, salt accumulation first decreased and then increased. The lowest salt accumulation was obtained from nitrogen application rate of 300 kg·hm^-2, which was 18.7%-237.0% lower than other treatments. With potassium application rate increasing, salt accumulation gradually decreased. And the lowest value was obtained with potassium application rate of 150 kg·hm^-2, which was 10.0%-219.1% lower than other potassium application rates. Both nitrogen and potassium application rate significantly influenced the yield and quality of fragrant pears (P<0.05). The yield and fruit quality firstly increased and then decreased with the nitrogen application rate increasing, and the best was obtained from the nitrogen application rate of 300 kg·hm^-2. The yield, single fruit weight, and soluble solids were 9.0%-16.7%, 2.4%-8.6%, and 2.3%-5.8% higher than other nitrogen application rates treatments, respectively, while peel hardness decreased by 2.5%-4.1%. Higher potassium application rates result in a greater yield and quality, and the yield, fruit weight and soluble solid under potassium application rate of 150 kg·hm^-2were 2.2%-7.9%, 2.3%-6.5% and 0.5%-3.7% greater than other potassium application rate treatments, respectively, while the peeling hardness decreased by 0.8%-8.0%. Grey correlation analysis indicated that N3K3 treatment produced a high yield and quality of Korla fragrant pear.【Conclusion】The appropriate nitrogen and potassium application rates were 300 and 150 kg·hm^-2for labor-saving cultivated Korla fragrant pear under drip irrigation.

Key words: Korla fragrant pear, drip irrigation, labor-saving cultivation, soil salinity, yield, quality, Southern Xinjiang

王龙, 王军, 蒋静, 刘浩, 刘德召, 李久生. 滴灌不同用量的氮钾肥对土壤盐分及南疆香梨产量、品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(17): 3473-3487.

WANG Long, WANG Jun, JIANG Jing, LIU Hao, LIU DeZhao, LI JiuSheng. Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium Application Rate on Soil Salinity, Yield and Quality of Korla Fragrant Pear Under Drip Irrigation in Southern Xinjiang[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(17): 3473-3487.

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土层 Soil layer (cm)	土壤含盐量 Soil salinity (g·kg^-1)	pH	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)	颗粒质量百分数 Particle mass percentage (%)			土壤质地 Soil texture
土层 Soil layer (cm)	土壤含盐量 Soil salinity (g·kg^-1)	pH	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)	<0.002 mm	0.05—0.002 mm	0.05—2.0 mm	土壤质地 Soil texture
0—20	6.44	8.05	1.58	8.36	75.91	15.73	粉壤土 Silty loam
20—40	9.47	7.98	1.53	9.95	78.71	11.34
40—60	11.98	7.48	1.59	12.55	78.10	9.35
60—80	5.65	7.44	1.58	6.88	66.51	26.61
80—100	5.15	7.69	1.59	6.54	60.12	33.34

2022				2023
处理 Treatment	坐果期 Fruit setting stage	膨果期 Fruit swelling stage	成熟期 Ripening stage	处理 Treatment	坐果期 Fruit setting stage	膨果期 Fruit swelling stage	成熟期 Ripening stage
N1K1	302.88±14.42a	318.39±0.5a	308.88±22.21a	N2K1	260.21±11.22a	317.87±14.6ab	288.29±10.67bc
N2K1	289.85±13.8ab	305.07±6.1abc	310.11±11.02a	N3K1	223.31±11.75b	305.17±16.17ab	301.38±23.81abc
N3K1	299.84±14.28ab	294.14±12.14c	261.74±8.69cd	N4K1	257.5±2.18ab	333.24±16.41a	331.3±0.51a
N0K2	287.53±10.85ab	305.43±5.65abc	308.75±18.17ab	N0K2	261.88±9.05a	311.94±14.55ab	296.66±9.88abc
N1K2	284.64±13.55ab	314.43±5.76ab	298.92±13.3ab	N2K2	263.89±4.2a	299.78±22.69ab	288.36±9.37bc
N2K2	287.3±27.66ab	304.51±1.65abc	290.39±7.7abc	N3K2	264.33±8.07a	266.82±13.8c	282.12±24.02bc
N3K2	284.64±13.55ab	299.38±8.19bc	281.43±28.1abc	N4K2	267.24±14.07a	313.99±15.32ab	316.63±10.49ab
N1K3	287.07±13.67ab	315.94±6.73ab	278.75±3.17abc	N2K3	256.11±13.48ab	313.32±5.68ab	294.07±23.33abc
N2K3	294.54±14.03ab	304.68±5.22abc	266.55±7.18bcd	N3K3	262.12±13.8a	296.6±6.02bc	269.84±19.54c
N3K3	247.04±11.76b	296.11±13.43c	242.09±23.42d	N4K3	273.42±14.39a	307.55±13.15ab	306.42±26.41abc
N3K0	272.59±12.98ab	309.32±2abc	285.24±5.64abc	N3K0	261.46±6.18a	312.75±14.62ab	278.49±8.15bc
显著性Significance
N	ns (P=0.651)	** (P=0.001 )	** (P =0.002)	N	ns (P =0.356)	* (P =0.033)	* (P=0.014)
K	ns (P=0.452)	ns (P=0.226)	ns (P =0.051)	K	ns (P =0.158)	ns (P =0.069)	ns (P=0.385)
N×K	ns (P=0.405)	ns (P=0.932)	ns (P=0.185)	N×K	ns (P =0.316)	ns (P =0.404)	ns (P=0.385)

因子 Factor	坐果期 Fruit setting stage		膨果期 Fruit swelling stage		成熟期 Ripening stage
因子 Factor	2022	2023	2022	2023	2022	2023
N	** (P=0.000)	** (P=0.000)	** (P=0.000)	** (P=0.000)	** (P=0.000)	** (P=0.000)
K	** (P=0.000)	** (P=0.000)	** (P=0.000)	** (P=0.000)	** (P=0.000)	** (P=0.000)
N×K	** (P=0.000)	ns (P=0.074)	ns (P=0.624)	* (P=0.048)	** (P=0.002)	ns (P=0.052)

因子 Factor	产量Yield(kg·hm^-2）
因子 Factor	2022	2023
N	** (P=0.000)	** (P=0.000)
K	* (P=0.010)	** (P=0.000)
N×K	ns (P=0.935)	** (P=0.002)

试验处理 Treatment	单果重 Single fruit weight (g)	可溶性固形物含量 Soluble solids content (%)	去皮硬度 Peel firmness (kg·cm^-2)
N1K1	112.77±3.17c	11.15±0.19abc	7.77±0.22ab
N2K1	115.93±2.19bc	11.57±0.18ab	8.08±0.63a
N3K1	118.98±0.52bc	11.77±0.43ab	7.49±0.4abc
N0K2	118.46±2.05bc	10.6±0.59bc	7.63±0.42abc
N1K2	111.93±3.64c	11.75±0.43c	6.88±0.32c
N2K2	118.51±5.3bc	11.95±0.27a	7.98±0.54a
N3K2	122.77±5.89ab	12.1±0.7a	6.89±0.56abc
N1K3	115.9±3.98bc	11.21±0.29abc	7.51±0.22abc
N2K3	121.88±5.13ab	11.75±0.76ab	7.08±0.21bc
N3K3	128.16±2.56a	12.21±0.64a	6.88±0.43c
N3K0	116.76±4.78bc	11.25±0.96abc	7.39±0.6c
显著性Significance
N	** (P=0.000）	** (P=0.008)	ns (P=0.089)
K	** (P=0.003)	** (P=0.034)	* (P=0.043)
N×K	ns (P=0.733)	ns (P=0.694)	ns (P=0.101)