不同有机肥对煤矿复垦区土壤养分及细菌群落结构的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.16.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探明在煤矿复垦区施用不同有机肥下土壤养分及细菌群落与功能的变化特征，为复垦区土壤的培肥改良和健康管理提供理论依据。【方法】依托定位培肥试验基地（山西省孝义市偏城村采煤塌陷区），分析连续3年施用不同有机肥（鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪）和化肥处理对煤矿复垦区土壤养分、细菌群落结构与功能以及玉米产量的影响。【结果】（1）连续3年定位培肥后，施用有机肥较化肥显著降低土壤pH（降低0.03—0.08单位），而显著增加了土壤有机碳（11.0%—15.5%）、全氮（14.9%—19.1%）、碱解氮（20.3%—43.4%）和速效钾（12.3%—13.6%）含量，其中鸡粪处理对土壤有机碳和碱解氮含量提升最大；施用化肥和有机肥均显著增加作物产量（16.7%—21.1%），其中猪粪对作物产量的提升最大。（2）施用有机肥显著提高复垦区土壤细菌丰富度，并影响细菌群落结构组成。在门水平上，施用有机肥显著增加变形菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度，其中猪粪和鸡粪处理下厚壁菌门的相对丰度显著高于牛粪处理。在属水平上，不同有机肥处理均显著增加了列契瓦尼尔氏菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和芽孢杆菌属等有益菌属相对丰度。（3）复垦区土壤细菌生态功能以化能异养、好氧化能异养为主。施用有机肥显著提高化能异养和发酵作用种群的相对丰度，其中猪粪处理下发酵作用种群丰度显著高于鸡粪和牛粪处理。（4）Mantel检验分析结果表明，土壤细菌多样性和功能均与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量呈显著正相关。【结论】施用不同有机肥均可以提高复垦区土壤养分含量，改善土壤细菌群落结构与功能，进而增加玉米产量。但不同有机肥对土壤养分、细菌功能菌群及玉米产量的影响存在差异，其中鸡粪对土壤养分的提升幅度最大，猪粪对有关碳素功能菌群和玉米产量提升幅度最大，而牛粪对土壤养分和产量的提升幅度较低。

关键词: 有机肥, 土壤养分, 细菌群落结构, 功能预测, 玉米产量, 煤矿复垦区

Abstract:

【Objective】The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of nutrient and bacterial communities and function in reclaimed soil under different manures and to provide a theoretical basis for fertilization transformation and health management of reclaimed soil.【Method】Based on the located fertilization test base (coal mining subsidence area in Piancheng Village, Xiaoyi City, Shanxi Province), this experiment analyzed the soil nutrients, bacterial community structure and function, and maize yield of reclaimed soil in the mining area under different manures (chicken manure, pig manure, and cow manure) and chemical fertilizer treatments for three consecutive years,.【Result】(1) After three consecutive years of fertilization, the application of manures significantly reduced soil pH (0.03-0.08 units) compared with chemical fertilizer, but significantly increased soil organic carbon (11.0%-15.5%), total nitrogen (14.9%-19.1%), available nitrogen (20.3%-43.4%) and available potassium (12.3%-13.6%), among them, chicken manure treatment had the greatest increase in soil organic carbon and available nitrogen content. In addition, the application of chemical fertilizer and manures significantly increased crop yield (16.7%-21.1%), and pig manure had the greatest increase in crop yield. (2) The manures application significantly increased the bacterial richness of reclaimed soil and affected the composition of soil bacterial community structure. At the phylum level, the manures application considerably enhanced the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, with the relative richness of Firmicutes significantly higher under pig manure and chicken manure treatments than that under cow manure treatment. At the genus level, different manures treatments significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Lechevalieria, Sphingomonas, and Bacillus. (3) The ecological function of reclaimed soil bacteria was mainly chemoheterotrophy and aerobic chemoheterotrophy. Various manures treatments significantly increased the relative abundance of chemoheterotrophy and fermentation populations, with the relative abundance of fermentation populations considerably higher under the pig manure treatment than under the chicken manure and cow manure treatments. (4) The mantel test study revealed a substantial positive correlation between soil bacterial diversity and function and soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and crop yield. 【Conclusion】The application of various manures significantly increased the nutrient content of reclaimed soil, improved the structure and function of the bacterial community in reclaimed soil, and then increased crop yield. Nevertheless, there were differences in the soil nutrients, bacterial community structure, and crop yields among the various manures, with chicken manure offering the highest enhancement in soil nutrients, pig manure providing the highest enhancement in functional flora related to carbon and crop yields, but cow manure providing the lesser improvement in soil nutrients and crop yields.

Key words: manure, soil nutrients, bacterial community structure, functional prediction, maize yield, mining reclamation area

栗海鹏, 杜武焰, 吴涵茜, 张杰, 孟会生, 洪坚平, 徐明岗, 郝鲜俊, 高文俊. 不同有机肥对煤矿复垦区土壤养分及细菌群落结构的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(16): 3207-3219.

LI HaiPeng, DU WuYan, WU HanQian, ZHANG Jie, MENG HuiSheng, HONG JianPing, XU MingGang, HAO XianJun, GAO WenJun. Different Manures Affect Soil Nutrients and Bacterial Community Structure in Mining Reclamation Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(16): 3207-3219.

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有机肥 Manure	pH	全氮 Total N (N，%)	全磷 Total P (P₂O₅，%)	全钾 Total K (K₂O，%)	含水率 Moisture content (%)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)
鸡粪Chicken manure	8.10	2.03	1.74	1.34	33.37	227.93
猪粪 Pig manure	8.14	2.08	2.32	0.93	44.18	174.28
牛粪Cow manure	7.99	1.46	2.00	0.76	34.97	148.63

处理 Treatment	pH	有机碳 Organic carbon, SOC (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N, TN (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P, TP (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Available N, AN (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P, AP (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K, AK (mg·kg^-1)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
CK	8.26±0.02a	3.60±0.04d	0.45±0.14d	0.27±0.02d	29.88±0.35d	2.99±0.33c	104.72±2.12c	7.90±0.11b
CF	8.24±0.01a	3.62±0.03d	0.47±0.01c	0.33±0.01bc	32.22±0.63d	13.96±2.84a	110.74±1.99b	9.22±0.72a
CHM	8.17±0.02bc	4.18±0.04a	0.54±0.04b	0.36±0.01a	46.20±1.44a	13.96±0.58a	124.90±1.68a	9.32±0.14a
PM	8.16±0.02c	4.08±0.04b	0.56±0.11a	0.34±0.01ab	43.11±1.13b	14.62±1.66a	124.36±2.87a	9.57±0.16a
CM	8.21±0.03b	4.02±0.02c	0.55±0.04ab	0.32±0.01c	38.76±2.19c	9.42±0.38b	125.76±1.46a	9.27±0.34a