寒地粳稻在长江下游地区作双季早粳稻产量和品质表现分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.11.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】分析引自寒地不同积温带粳稻品种作双季早稻时产量及构成以及品质差异，为筛选适宜长江下游种植的双季早粳稻品种提供理论依据。【方法】分别于2018、2021、2022年在浙江台州（121°13′E，28°78′N）和杭州（119°94′E，30°08′N）进行大田试验，分别以6、13和41个寒地粳稻品种为材料，主要来自黑龙江省第一至四积温带，以当地主栽的早籼稻品种中早39作为对照。分析寒地粳稻在南方稻区作双季早稻时产量和品质表现，并在2022年进行早粳稻品种的大田生产验证。【结果】通过提前早粳稻播期，3年的水稻收获期比当地双季早籼稻提前约0—15 d。2018年种植早粳稻品种的产量均值为6 637.77 kg·hm^-2，其中空育131产量最高，为7 724.70 kg·hm^-2，且在2022年的大田生产验证中产量达7 194.77 kg·hm^-2；所有品种在南方作为双季早粳稻种植的垩白度、透明度、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量符合二等优质食用稻品种品质标准，但整精米率较低。2022年早粳稻的平均产量为6 630.45 kg·hm^-2，排名前三的依次为：龙垦257（8 324.99 kg·hm^-2）>龙垦263（8 170.94 kg·hm^-2）>莲稻1号（8 108.34 kg·hm^-2）。与中早39相比，早粳稻有效穗数多，但每穗粒数、千粒重和结实率低，导致其产量为中早39的54.75%—93.28%。第三积温带品种因高结实率从而产量表现优于其他积温带。寒地粳稻品种间产量及构成的相关性分析结果表明，产量与有效穗数呈显著正相关，与单位面积颖花数呈极显著正相关。【结论】引自黑龙江省不同积温带的粳稻品种在长江下游作双季早稻时的生育期、产量和品质表现均验证了南方稻区种植双季早粳稻的可行性，空育131、龙垦257、龙垦263和莲稻1号可作为早粳稻进行下一步大面积示范种植。

关键词: 双季早粳稻, 积温带, 有效穗数, 品质, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of the study was to evaluate the differences between rice yield and its components, as well as quality of double cropping early japonica rice which was selected from various accumulated temperature zones in cold region to plant in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, so as to provide a theoretical basis to select the proper japonica varieties as the double cropping early season rice in this area.【Method】Field experiments were carried out at Taizhou (121°13′ E, 28°78′ N) and Hangzhou (119°94′ E, 30°08′ N) of Zhejiang province in 2018, 2021 and 2022. Six (2018), thirteen (2021) and forty-one (2022) japonica varieties were selected from different accumulated temperature zones in Heilongjiang province, respectively, and the early indica rice Zhongzao 39 was picked out as a control in 2018 and 2022. The differences of productive panicle number, spikelets number per panicle, percentage of filled grain, thousand grains weight, number of spikelets unit area, yield, and harvest index were analyzed among double-cropping early japonica and indica rice; the quality indexes were compared among this two types rice too, such as head rice rate, diaphaneity, gel consistency, amylose content, chalkiness degree, and chalky grain rate.【Result】The harvest dates of early japonica rice with beforehand sowing were about 0-15 days earlier than that of local double-season early indica rice. The total mean yield of early japonica rice was 6 637.77 kg·hm^-2 in 2018; and the yield of Kongyu 131 were the highest with 7 724.70 kg·hm^-2. Moreover, the field production verification in 2022 suggested that the yield of Kongyu 131 could reach 7 194.77 kg·hm^-2. The averages of chalkiness degree, diaphaneity, gel consistency and amylose content in all varieties met the quality of second-class edible rice variety criterion, but the head rice rate was low. The total mean yield early japonica rice was 6 630.45 kg·hm^-2in 2022, in order as follows: Longken 257 (8 324.99 kg·hm^-2), Longken 263 (8 170.94 kg·hm^-2), and Liandao 1 (8 108.34 kg·hm^-2). Compared with Zhongzao 39, the productive panicle number in early japonica rice were higher, however, the spikelets number per panicle, percentage of filled grain, thousand grains weight were lower than the control, which induced the yield decrease of 54.75%-93.28%. The average yield of the third accumulated zone was higher than that of other accumulated zones due to the relative superior percentage of filled grain. The correlation analysis within yield and its components of different japonica cultivars showed that, the yield had significantly positive correlation with productive panicle number (P<0.05) and number of spikelets unit area (P<0.01).【Conclusion】It was practicable to plant double cropping early japonica rice varieties in the Yangtze River area selected from different accumulated temperature zones in Heilongjiang province, confirmed by appropriate performances on growth duration, yield and quality. It was suggested that Kongyu 131, Longken 257, Longken 263, and Liandao 1 could be selected as double cropping early japonica rice for the next large-scale demonstration planting.

Key words: double cropping early japonica rice, accumulated temperature zone, productive panicle number, quality, yield

徐亚楠, 陶怡, 叶淑珍, 徐春梅, 陈松, 褚光, 王丹英, 欧阳由男. 寒地粳稻在长江下游地区作双季早粳稻产量和品质表现分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(11): 2114-2124.

XU YaNan, TAO Yi, YE ShuZhen, XU ChunMei, CHEN Song, CHU Guang, WANG DanYing, OUYANG YouNan. Yield and Quality Analysis of Japonica Varieties from Cold Region Cultivated as Double Cropping Early Season Rice in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(11): 2114-2124.

图/表 6

表1

表2

表3

早粳稻品种的产量及其构成（2022）"

与对照品种产量比值 YRJ-I	品种 Variety	积温带 ATZ	有效穗数 PPN (10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 SNPP	结实率 PFG (%)	千粒重 TGW (g)	单位面积颖花数 NSUA (10⁷·hm^-2)	产量 Y (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 HI
>90%	龙垦257 Longken 257	3	403.85	88.34	86.63	26.94	35.68	8324.99	0.52
	龙垦263 Longken 263	3	513.91	77.31	80.97	25.40	39.73	8170.94	0.55
	莲稻1号 Liandao 1	2	300.89	154.38	83.41	20.93	46.45	8108.34	0.50
80%—90%	绥粳103 Suijing 103	3	434.03	88.64	82.80	25.16	38.47	8015.46	0.58
	佳香3 Jiaxiang 3	3	371.01	107.45	78.41	25.38	39.86	7934.31	0.55
	垦稻25 Kendao 25	2	407.40	104.97	75.83	23.48	42.77	7615.27	0.53
	垦稻12号 Kendao 12	2	460.66	83.57	77.84	24.82	38.50	7436.78	0.55
	牡丹江30 Mudanjiang 30	1	363.02	88.03	86.91	26.73	31.96	7425.26	0.54
	龙粳57 Longjing 57	2	468.64	78.69	79.64	25.14	36.88	7382.28	0.51
	莲稻2号 Liandao 2	2	426.04	94.09	70.79	25.46	40.09	7225.57	0.50
	东富135 Dongfu 135	3	367.46	95.69	82.47	24.72	35.16	7168.27	0.52
	龙垦292 Longken 292	2	353.26	82.39	87.39	28.18	29.10	7168.23	0.51
	中科804 Zhongke 804	1	338.17	115.44	71.55	25.59	39.04	7148.66	0.55
	育农粳1号 Yunongjing 1	2	340.83	100.77	86.13	24.14	34.35	7139.97	0.53
70%—80%	齐粳10号 Qijing 10	2	442.02	78.66	76.81	26.34	34.77	7033.15	0.53
	三江6号 Sanjiang 6	2	543.20	84.39	67.68	22.61	45.84	7015.94	0.55
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	1	391.42	82.90	83.92	25.42	32.45	6923.72	0.53
	三江16 Sanjiang 16	2	346.16	81.48	92.57	26.51	28.20	6921.50	0.54
	垦稻20号 Kendao 20	3	384.32	81.91	81.57	26.51	31.48	6805.81	0.54
	龙稻20 Longdao 20	1	389.65	109.76	70.21	22.40	42.77	6725.15	0.49
	五优稻4号 Wuyoudao 4	1	367.46	116.65	57.20	27.38	42.86	6712.84	0.50
	垦糯1号 Kennuo 1	2	324.86	109.96	72.47	25.70	35.72	6653.71	0.52
	龙粳46 Longjing 46	3	300.00	101.31	89.01	24.31	30.39	6575.74	0.51
	垦稻10号 Kendao 10	1	338.17	103.83	75.38	23.93	35.11	6333.99	0.48
	龙垦2020 Longken 2020	2	367.46	87.14	81.31	24.17	32.02	6293.74	0.52
	龙垦229 Longken 229	3	362.13	100.32	75.40	22.96	36.33	6288.18	0.51
<70%	中科发5号 Zhongkefa 5	1	314.20	135.81	56.32	25.60	42.67	6153.41	0.53
	龙粳3013 Longjing 3013	3	351.48	91.40	72.78	26.19	32.13	6123.11	0.58
	通35 Tong 35	1	353.26	81.75	81.60	25.79	28.88	6077.26	0.51
	富合2号 Fuhe 2	2	258.29	102.06	82.62	27.38	26.36	5964.02	0.55
	垦稻9号 Kendao 9	4	367.46	98.87	68.37	23.99	36.33	5959.93	0.42
	垦稻23 Kendao 23	2	443.79	85.82	62.11	24.97	38.09	5906.68	0.58
	龙粳47 Longjing 47	4	346.16	85.62	79.25	24.48	29.64	5749.97	0.49
	龙庆稻3号Longqingdao 3	3	380.77	80.07	74.47	25.27	30.49	5737.30	0.49
	龙粳43 Longjing 43	2	420.71	62.61	90.21	24.08	26.34	5723.22	0.51
	龙粳1656 Longjing 1656	2	335.51	83.41	85.47	23.87	27.99	5710.53	0.46
	绥粳109 Suijing 109	2	335.51	119.44	59.17	23.38	40.07	5542.93	0.48
	莲汇631 Lianhui 631	3	316.87	86.87	84.82	22.73	27.52	5306.80	0.53
	垦粳7号 Kenjing 7	1	319.53	90.77	75.63	24.05	29.00	5275.07	0.59
	唯农303 Weinong 303	3	303.55	82.26	83.55	24.85	24.97	5183.91	0.53
	三江17 Sanjiang 17	2	434.03	75.49	64.91	22.98	32.77	4886.66	0.54
	平均值 Mean		375.30	94.15	77.45	24.88	34.86	6630.45	0.52
	变异系数 CV（%）		15.78	18.34	11.59	6.13	16.20	13.39	5.32
Control	中早39		282.25	127.25	91.59	27.13	35.92	8924.62	0.57

表3

表4

表5

图1

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年份 Year	有机质 Organic matter (g∙kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g∙kg^-1)	碱解氮 Available nitrogen (mg∙kg^-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg∙kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg∙kg^-1)	pH
2018	30.19	2.13	121.41	13.89	132.06	5.76
2021	21.75	2.17	122.46	41.63	148.85	5.67
2022	30.48	1.34	115.37	14.20	140.19	5.83

与对照品种产量比值 YRJ-I	品种 Variety	积温带 ATZ	有效穗数PPN (10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 SNPP	结实率 PFG (%)	千粒重 TGW (g)	单位面积颖花数 NSUA (10⁷·hm^-2)	产量 Y (kg·hm^-2)
>80%	空育131 Kongyu 131	3	845.03	34.74	93.31	28.20	29.36	7724.70
70%—80%	通35 Tong 35	1	540.59	62.97	83.76	25.74	34.04	7339.20
	龙庆稻3号 Longqingdao 3	3	411.38	62.23	93.60	29.40	25.60	7044.75
	垦香稻10179 Kenxiangdao 10179	2	447.82	54.04	91.27	31.00	24.20	6847.20
60%—70%	珍宝香1号 Zhenbaoxiang 1	1	478.21	63.48	81.16	26.26	30.36	6469.80
50%—60%	合江19 Hejiang 19	3	627.30	42.09	78.14	26.60	26.40	5487.90
	平均值 Mean		501.06	56.96	85.59	27.80	28.33	6637.77
Control	中早39 Zhongzao 39		312.46	146.27	78.99	26.30	45.70	9509.10

指标 Indicator	有效穗数 PPN (10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 SNPP	结实率 PFG (%)	千粒重 TGW (g)	单位面积颖花数 NSUA (10⁷·hm^-2)
每穗粒数 PPN	-0.478**
结实率 PFG	-0.156	-0.403**
千粒重 TGW	-0.051	-0.255	0.131
单位面积颖花数 NSUA	0.407**	0.600**	-0.582**	-0.295
产量 Y	0.370*	0.196	0.262	0.214	0.540**

类型 Type	品种 Variety	整精米率 Head rice rate (%)	透明度（级） Diaphaneity	胶稠度 Gel consistency (mm)	直链淀粉含量 Amylose content (%)	垩白度 Chalkiness degree (%)	垩白粒率 Chalky grain rate (%)
粳稻 Japonica	珍宝岛香1号 Zhenbaodaoxiang 1	61.1	1	80	15.6	2.4	28
	垦香稻10179 Kenxiangdao 10179	54.5	1	80	14.5	1.9	21
	合江19 Hejiang 19	55.0	2	75	13.9	0.8	13
	空育131 Kongyu 131	63.2	1	76	14.1	1.1	16
	龙庆稻3号 Longqingdao 3	55.5	1	79	15.6	0.8	12
籼稻 Indica	中早39 Zhongzao 39	69.1	3	48	24.2	22.5	98