叶面喷施硒与土壤水分耦合对番茄产量和品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.22.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 外源硒和土壤水分状况都会影响作物生长和品质特性，探明叶面喷施硒与土壤水分状况对产量和品质的耦合调控效应，为富硒番茄栽培的科学用水管理提供理论依据。【方法】 试验以亚硒酸钠（Na₂SeO₃）为硒源，采用盆栽试验，设置了3种叶面喷施硒浓度（S₀：清水对照；S₅：5 mg·L^-1；S₁₀：10 mg·L^-1），每种硒喷施浓度下设置2种不同灌溉控制水平，灌水控制下限分别为田间持水量的50%（W₁：干旱胁迫）和75%（W₂：充分供水），研究不同土壤水分状况下叶面喷施不同浓度硒对番茄植株硒含量、生长发育指标、产量和品质的影响。【结果】 不同土壤水分状况对土壤、叶片和果实硒含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）。叶面喷施不同浓度硒对土壤硒含量也未产生显著影响，但植株叶片和果实硒含量均随外源硒喷施浓度的增大而增加，且差异达到极显著水平（P<0.01），叶面喷施硒的果实硒含量比对照增加了2—4倍。干旱胁迫显著降低了株高和茎粗，叶面喷施硒可适度缓解干旱胁迫对株高的抑制作用，但对茎粗无显著影响。干旱胁迫较充分供水处理的产量平均减少了39.5%，干旱胁迫条件下喷施硒虽可适度增加坐果数，但单果质量有降低的趋势，因而对产量没有显著影响。与充分供水相比，干旱胁迫使果实可溶性糖（SSC）、有机酸（OA）、维生素C（Vc）和可溶性固形物含量（TSS）分别显著提高了28.7%、24.3%、18.7%和24.0%。叶面喷施硒可促进SSC积累，但不同浓度间没有显著差异；与清水对照相比，除S₅W₂处理的OA略有减少外，其他叶面喷施硒处理均显著增加了OA，故而S₅W₂处理获得最佳糖酸比（SAR），S₀W₂处理的糖酸比表现最差。在充分供水条件下，不同叶面喷施硒浓度的TSS没有显著性差异；在干旱胁迫条件下，TSS随硒喷施浓度的增大呈先增大后减小的变化规律。说明叶面喷施硒浓度由5 mg·L^-1增加到10 mg·L^-1不能进一步提升果实品质。【结论】 叶面喷施硒与土壤水分状况对番茄品质的耦合作用效果明显，干旱胁迫条件下叶面喷施5 mg·L^-1的Na₂SeO₃可大幅提升果实可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量，使果实营养品质得到明显改善；充分供水条件下叶面喷施5 mg·L^-1的Na₂SeO₃在不降低产量的同时，改善了果实风味品质，可实现稳产提质效果。

关键词: 外源硒, 干旱胁迫, 番茄, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

【Objective】 Both exogenous selenium and soil moisture can affect crop growth and quality properties. It is very important to clarify the influences of exogenous selenium coupled with soil moisture on the tomato yield and quality, which maybe provide a theoretical basis on the water use for production of selenium-enriched tomato. 【Method】Three foliar-spraying selenium concentrations, such as 0 (S₀), 5 (S₅) and 10 mg·L^-1 (S₁₀), were considered with sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) as the selenium source by using pot experiment in this paper. Each selenium concentration was associated with two irrigation levels, which were scheduled to irrigate the crop as soon as the soil water moisture decreased to 50% (W₁) and 75% (W₂) of the field capacity, respectively. The effects of the different treatments on the selenium content, plant growth, yield and quality of tomato were studied.【Result】The different soil moistures had no significant impact on the selenium contents in soil, leaf and fruit (P>0.05). Although the different selenium concentrations had no marked influence on the soil selenium content for each irrigation level, the increasing selenium concentration led to an significant (P<0.01) increase in selenium content of leaves and fruits. Compared with S₀ over the two irrigation levels, selenium-treated fruits increased the average selenium content with 2-4 fold. Drought stress significantly reduced plant height and stem diameter. The foliar-spraying selenium moderately alleviated the inhibition effect on plant height when crop suffered drought stress, whlie no significant effect was found on stem diameter. The drought stress gave a significant reduction in yield by 39.5% compared with the sufficient soil water applied. The foliar-spraying selenium had an increase in fruit number, but tended to decrease fruit weight under the drought stress conditions, thus no noticeable difference in yield was investigated between different foliar-spraying selenium. Compared with the sufficient soil water applied, the drought stress gave a significant increase in soluble sugar (SSC), organic acid (OA), vitamin C, and total soluble solid content (TSS) by 28.7%, 24.3%, 18.7%, and 24.0%, respectively. The foliar-spraying selenium improved SSC, whereas there was no noticeable difference in SSC between different selenium concentrations when the soil moisture was the same. Foliar-spraying selenium significantly increased OA except for S₅W₂ treatment compared with the control, thus S₅W₂ had the highest sugar-acid ratio (SAR), while the lowest SAR was observed in S₀W₂ treatment. There was no marked effect of foliar-spraying selenium on TSS under sufficient soil water applied conditions, however, the TSS was increased firstly and then decreased with selenium concentration increasing under drought stress, indicating that a further increase in selenium concentration from 5 mg·L^-1 did not give a noticeable increase in fruit quality. 【Conclusion】 The coupling effect of foliar-spraying selenium and soil moisture on tomato quality was obvious. The spraying sodium selenite at 5 mg·L^-1 significantly increased SSC and TSS and thereby improved nutritional quality of fruit when the plant suffered drought stress, but promoted flavor quality of fruits with no yield decreasing and thereby achieved stable yield and high quality when the soil moisture applied was sufficient.

Key words: exogenous selenium, drought stress, tomato, yield, quality

刘浩,庞婕,李欢欢,强小嫚,张莹莹,宋嘉雯. 叶面喷施硒与土壤水分耦合对番茄产量和品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(22): 4433-4444.

LIU Hao,PANG Jie,LI HuanHuan,QIANG XiaoMan,ZHANG YingYing,SONG JiaWen. Effects of Foliar-Spraying Selenium Coupled with Soil Moisture on the Yield and Quality of Tomato[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(22): 4433-4444.

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月份Month	辐射Solar radiation (MJ·m^-2·d^-1)	气温Temperature (℃)	空气饱和差Vapor pressure deficit (kPa)
3	7.57	18.49	0.40
4	10.77	20.09	0.49
5	13.69	23.16	0.81
6	10.91	28.42	1.19

处理Treatment	单株坐果数Fruit number (No./plant)	平均单果质量Fruit weight (g)	单株产量Yield (kg/plant)
S₁₀W₂	14.4±1.3ab	143.2±9.0a	2.06±0.07b
S₁₀W₁	14.7±0.9ab	90.2±2.6b	1.32±0.10c
S₅W₂	14.9±0.5ab	153.1±14.7a	2.28±0.20ab
S₅W₁	14.1±0.7ab	97.8±4.0b	1.38±0.02c
S₀W₂	15.3±0.7a	156.2±8.7a	2.40±0.25a
S₀W₁	13.7±0.7b	100.9±2.7b	1.38±0.04c
S	ns	ns	ns
W	**	**	**
S×W	*	ns	ns