增温对玉米茎秆生长发育、抗倒性和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】随着全球气候变化,温度升高对玉米生产系统的影响越来越复杂,而玉米抗倒性在现在和未来玉米全程机械化生产系统中的重要性尤为突出。研究全生育期温度增加对玉米茎秆生长发育及抗倒的力学特性的影响,为应对未来气候变化下玉米适应性栽培途径提供理论和实践基础。【方法】以郑单958（ZD958）和先玉335（XY335）为材料,通过智能温室控制方法,设置3个温度梯度,分别为CK、CK+2℃、CK+4℃,研究了全生育期增温对玉米茎秆生长、结构发育、抗倒力学特性和产量的影响。【结果】随着温度增加,玉米株高、穗位高、第三节间长度、穗上节间长和穗下节间长均显著高于对照,CK+2℃处理的株高、穗位高、第三节间长度、穗上节间长度和穗下节间长度比CK平均增加10.80%、37.29%、16.87%、17.11%和17.78%,CK+4℃处理则比CK分别增加20.82%、54.17%、37.11%、28.48%和35.84%。温度增加显著增加了玉米穗位系数和茎粗系数,CK+4℃处理比CK+2℃处理和CK的茎粗系数平均增加15.92%和58.99%。增温使玉米茎秆维管束数目和面积显著减少,CK+4℃、CK+2℃处理的第三节间的茎秆中央维管束数目比CK平均减少42.39%、22.59%,维管束总面积比CK分别降低40.33%、28.68%,增温对中央维管束数目和面积的影响大于边缘维管束。随温度增加,玉米茎秆抗推力、穿刺强度和破碎强度显著降低,CK+4℃和CK+2℃处理比CK平均降低50.75%和43.75%（茎秆抗推力）、25.41%和29.59%（穿刺强度）、22.41%和23.58%（破碎强度）。茎秆抗推力与株高、穗位高和地上部第三节间长呈极显著负相关,与茎粗、截面惯性矩、边缘维管束数目、面积、中心维管束数目、面积呈极显著正相关。2个品种对全生育期增温响应不同。随温度增加,热敏感型品种XY335的株高、穗位高、第三节间长度、穗位系数和茎粗系数增幅显著大于ZD958;ZD958的边缘和中心单个维管束面积减少,而XY335维管束面积呈增加趋势,且ZD958维管束数目和边缘维管束总面积的降幅小于XY335;XY335茎秆抗推力降幅显著大于ZD958,且XY335穿刺强度和破碎强度最大值出现在吐丝后25 d,之后下降,而ZD958在成熟期。ZD958穿刺强度和破碎强度与株高、穗位高、地上部第三节间长均呈显著负相关,与茎粗显著正相关,XY335穿刺强度与株高呈显著负相关,破碎强度则与其他指标相关但不显著。【结论】温度增加促进了玉米茎秆生长发育,改变了茎秆内部结构,使茎秆抗推力下降,倒伏风险显著增大,且温度越高倒伏风险越大;不同品种茎秆生长特性和倒伏能力对增温响应存在明显差异。

关键词: 增温, 玉米, 节间长度, 茎秆维管束, 茎秆力学特性, 抗倒性

Abstract:

【Objective】 With the global climate change, the effects of elevated temperature on maize production system are increasingly complex. Lodging resistance plays an important role on the completely mechanized maize production system in present and the future. Thus, the studying on the characteristics of maize stem and lodging resistance responding to gradient warming during the whole season could provide the theoretical and practical basis to the adaptive cultivation approach in response to climate change in the future. 【Method】 Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) and Xianyu 335 (XY335) were tested as materials. Three temperature gradient of CK, CK+2℃, CK+4℃ were conducted in the greenhouse to study the effects of gradient warming on stem growth and development, stem mechanics characters, lodging resistance characters and grain yield. 【Result】 The results showed that with increasing temperature, plant height, ear height, the third internode length, stem length under the ear and above the ear were significantly higher than that of CK; CK+2℃ increased on average by 10.80%, 37.29%, 16.87%, 17.11% and 17.78%, respectively, compared to CK; CK+4℃ increased on average by 20.82%, 54.17%, 37.11%, 28.48% and 35.84%, respectively, compared to CK. Temperature increment significantly increased the ear location coefficient and stem diameter coefficient. Compared with CK+2℃ and CK, the stem diameter coefficient of CK+4℃ was increased by 15.92% and 58.99% on average, respectively. Temperature increment significantly decreased the number and area of vascular bundles of stems. Compared with CK, CK+4℃ and CK+2℃ decreased the number of central vascular bundles of third internode by 43.29% and 22.59%, respectively; CK+4℃ and CK+2℃ decreased total vascular bundle area by 40.33% and 28.68%, respectively. The effect of temperature increment on the number and area of central vascular bundle was greater than that of peripheral vascular bundle. The elevated temperature decreased the area of single peripheral and central vascular bundle, but increased that of XY335. And ZD958 had greater increment of the number of vascular bundles and area of total area of peripheral vascular bundles than XY335 under elevated temperature. Temperature increment significantly decreased the thrust resistance, puncture strength and crushing strength; Compared with CK, CK+4℃ and CK+2℃ significantly increased the thrust resistance by 50.75% and 43.75%, puncture strength by 25.41% and 29.59%, crushing strength by 22.41% and 23.58%, respectively. The thrust resistance showed significantly negative relationship with plant height, ear height and the third internode length, and positive relationship with stem diameter, moment of inertia, the number and area of peripheral vascular bundle, the number and area of central vascular bundle. XY335 and ZD958 had different responses to temperature increment in the whole season. Under elevated temperature, XY335 had higher increment of plant height, ear height, the third internode length, ear position coefficient and the stem diameter coefficient than ZD958. As the temperature rose, the area of single peripheral and central vascular bundle of ZD958 decreased, while the area of vascular bundle of XY335 increased. The decrease of the number of vascular bundle and the total area of edge vascular bundle of ZD958 was less than that of XY335. As the temperature rose, stem thrust reduction of XY335 was significantly greater than that of ZD958. XY335 showed maximum values at 25 days after silking, declined later, while ZD958 showed maximum values at the mature stage. The puncture strength and crushing strength of ZD958 were significantly negatively related to plant height, ear height and the third internode length, while positively related to stem diameter. The puncture strength of XY335 was significantly negatively related to plant height, while the crushing strength showed no significant relationship with those indexes. 【Conclusion】 Elevated temperature significantly promoted the growth and development of corn, and changed microstructure of stem, decreased the stem thrust resistance and increased lodging risk. The higher the temperature was, the greater the risk of lodging. The stem growth traits and lodging ability in different cultivars had significantly different response to elevated temperature.

Key words: elevated temperature, maize, internode length, stem vascular bundles, mechanics characteristic of stem, lodging resistance

刘东尧,闫振华,陈艺博,杨琴,贾绪存,李鸿萍,董朋飞,王群. 增温对玉米茎秆生长发育、抗倒性和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(17): 3609-3622.

LIU DongYao,YAN ZhenHua,CHEN YiBo,YANG Qin,JIA XuCun,LI HongPing,DONG PengFei,WANG Qun. Effects of Elevated Temperature on Maize Stem Growth, Lodging Resistance Characters and Yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(17): 3609-3622.

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品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	株高 Plant height (cm)	穗位高 Ear height (cm)	穗位系数 Ear coefficient	穗下节间长 Stem length under ear (cm)	穗上节间长 Stem length above ear (cm)	第三节间长 3rd internode length (mm)	茎粗 Stalk width (mm)	茎粗系数 Stalk width coefficient	截面惯性矩Moment of inertia(mm⁴)
ZD958	CK	274.33a	100.20a	0.37a	94.12a	107.52a	115.33a	20.16a	5.72a	8111.66a
	CK+2℃	295.67b	139.40b	0.47b	111.67b	132.77b	149.33b	18.72b	7.98b	6040.42b
	CK+4℃	314.33b	149.00b	0.47b	123.20c	144.23c	163.33c	18.35b	8.90c	5575.95b
XY335	CK	294.33a	97.60a	0.33a	93.60a	149.60a	164.67a	23.99a	6.86a	16265.35a
	CK+2℃	335.00b	132.20b	0.39b	109.43b	165.65b	171.67b	18.54b	9.26b	5809.57b
	CK+4℃	374.00c	155.80c	0.42b	131.77c	183.72c	218.33c	19.60b	11.14c	7234.58b

品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	维管束数目 Number of vascular bundle		单个维管束面积 Single vascular bundle area		维管束总面积 Vascular bundle total area
品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	边缘Edge (Number per field)	中心Centre (Number per field)	边缘Edge (×10³μm²)	中心Centre (×10³μm²)	边缘Edge (×10⁵μm²)	中心Centre (×10⁵μm²)
ZD958	CK	52.67a	19.33a	5.65a	34.12a	3.96a	6.47a
	CK+2℃	41.33b	17.00a	5.50a	25.51b	3.30b	4.33b
	CK+4℃	38.00b	11.33b	2.94b	29.01b	2.56c	3.19c
XY335	CK	51.33a	39.67a	3.29a	15.30a	3.67a	5.98a
	CK+2℃	36.00b	29.00b	4.95b	16.81a	2.56b	4.86b
	CK+4℃	31.33b	15.33c	5.65c	26.10b	2.13c	3.91c

品种 Cultivar	力学特性 Mechanical characteristics	株高 Plant height	穗位高 Ear height	茎粗 Stalk width	截面惯性矩 Moment of inertia	地上部第三节间长 3rd joint length	边缘维管束数目 Marginal vascular bundle number	边缘维管束面积 Marginal vascular bundle area	中心维管束数目 Central vascular bundle number	中心维管束面积 Central vascular bundle area
ZD958	抗推力 Thrust resistance	-0.860**	-0.966**	0.987**	0.890**	-0.972**	0.983**	0.913**	0.798**	0.970**
	穿刺强度 Puncture strength	-0.478	-0.623	0.706*	0.648	-0.706*	0.61	0.618	0.578	0.622
	破碎强度 Crushing strength	-0.826**	-0.825**	0.775*	0.929*	-0.890**	0.844**	0.806**	0.720*	0.841**
XY335	抗推力 Thrust resistance	-0.939**	-0.945**	0.938**	0.845**	-0.939**	0.954**	0.959**	0.943**	0.963**
	穿刺强度 Puncture strength	-0.670*	-0.534	0.626	0.532	-0.626	0.571	0.571	0.532	0.556
	破碎强度 Crushing strength	-0.063	-0.227	0.131	0.200	-0.195	0.252	0.251	0.233	0.244

年际 Year	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Ear grain	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)	穗行数 rows per ear	行粒数 Grain number per row	穗长 Ear length (cm)	穗粗 Ear diameter (mm)	穗秃尖 Ear bald tip (cm)
2018	ZD958	CK	9156.04a	655.60a	22.20a	15.20a	43.20a	22.40a	51.97a	1.76a
		CK+2℃	5974.92b	429.20b	22.19a	16.00a	27.00b	19.70b	42.45b	2.40a
		CK+4℃	4354.94c	298.00c	23.34a	15.60a	19.00c	19.76b	44.54b	2.33a
	XY335	CK	9939.13a	672.00a	23.47a	15.60a	43.20a	22.26a	48.85a	1.96a
		CK+2℃	5561.39b	365.60b	24.28a	15.60a	23.40b	19.23b	40.63b	2.79a
		CK+4℃	140.74c	8.20c	29.24b	1.80b	4.20c	20.10b	23.98c	18.10b
2019	ZD958	CK	9296.15a	644.40a	22.90b	15.60a	41.40a	22.56a	52.48a	3.14a
		CK+2℃	5991.43b	361.60b	25.69a	14.40a	25.20b	18.50b	41.18b	3.40a
		CK+4℃	3901.46c	291.20c	21.24b	16.00a	18.20c	18.86b	45.93b	3.05a
	XY335	CK	10392.73a	695.20a	23.79a	16.00a	43.60a	23.24a	49.45a	1.67a
		CK+2℃	5552.95b	367.60b	24.38a	14.40a	25.40b	19.12b	40.31b	2.69a
		CK+4℃	202.61c	12.60c	25.04a	2.00b	6.30c	21.50b	24.57c	18.80b
变异来源 Source of variation	年际 Year		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
	处理 Treatment		**	**	NS	**	**	**	**	**
	品种 Cultivar		**	**	**	**	**	NS	**	**
	年际×处理Year×Treatment		NS	NS	*	NS	**	NS	NS	NS
	年际×品种 Year×Cultivar		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
	品种×处理Cultivar×Treatment		**	**	*	**	**	NS	**	**
	年际×处理×品种Year×Treatment×Cultivar		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

	品种 Cultivar		株高 Plant height		穗位高 Ear height		茎粗 Stalk width		截面惯性矩 Moment of inertia	地上部第三节间长 3rd joint length		抗推力 Thrust resistance		穿刺强度 Puncture strength		破碎强度 Crushing strength
产量Yield	ZD958		-0.928**		-0.961**		0.946**		0.919**	-0.960**		0.957**		0.578		0.899**
产量Yield	XY335		-0.965**		-0.984**		0.923**		0.766*	-0.930**		0.965**		0.557		0.238