密度和行距配置对油菜苗期性状及产量形成的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.11.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究密度和行距配置对甘蓝型油菜苗期生长的影响及其与产量形成的关系,为进一步提高油菜产量、缩小产量差,明确密植油菜产量调控机制奠定理论基础。【方法】2016—2017年选用华杂62（常规株型,简称HZ62）、2017—2018年选用华杂62和品系1301（紧凑株型）设置密度15×10⁴（D1）、30×10⁴（D2）和45×10⁴株/hm²（D3）为主区,行距15（R15）、25（R25）和35 cm（R35）为副区,研究不同密度和行距配置下,不同器官干物质累积和分配、茎秆和叶片碳氮代谢、根系活力和成熟期产量的变化。【结果】增加密度后,油菜个体生长受到明显抑制,表现为成熟期根颈粗、根干重、地上部干重以及株高均降低,有效分枝数减少,同一密度下缩小行距后降幅减小,D1、D2和D3密度条件下,在行距R25、R15和R15时各指标均表现最佳。与传统的密度行距配置（D1R25）相比,增加密度缩小行距（D3R15）后,2017—2018年,HZ62和1301两品种单株产量分别降低了57.14%和55.73%,但群体产量增加了21.55%和30.92%。相关性分析结果表明苗期叶片干物质分配率与单株产量呈极显著正相关关系,茎秆和根系干物质分配率与群体产量呈显著或极显著正相关关系。进一步分析苗期各器官生长指标发现,密度增加后,苗期叶片SPAD值、单株根系生物量、伤流量、根系活力均显著降低,而群体叶面积指数（LAI）和根系生物量显著增加;同一密度下,通过调节行距、减小株行距差异时,单株油菜叶片SPAD值、叶片和茎秆C/N、群体LAI及根系生物量增加,为成熟期产量奠定了基础。2017—2018年,与D1R25相比,D3R15处理下,HZ62茎秆C/N下降了22.95%,单株根系生物量、伤流量和活力分别降低了35.60%、16.07%和15.51%,叶片C/N和群体根系生物量则分别增加了16.11%和83.44%;1301茎秆C/N下降了19.71%、单株根系生物量、伤流量和活力分别降低了30.87%、22.63%和22.85%,叶片C/N和群体根系生物量则分别增加了14.84%和108.21%。【结论】本试验条件下,与传统密度行距配置相比,不同株型油菜参试品种在增加密度缩小行距后均能通过促进苗期单株叶片氮代谢,同时增加了苗期叶片SPAD值、群体光合叶面积、群体根系生物量,提高了根系活力实现增产。

关键词: 油菜, 密度, 行距, 苗期性状, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】The relationship between seedling growth and yield formation of Brassica napus L. under different densities and row spacings was studied, which laid a theoretical foundation for further increasing yield and reducing yield gap, and it also helped to understand the mechanism of yield regulation in rapeseed with high-density planting. 【Method】The genotype HZ 62 was selected as the test material in 2016-2017, and HZ 62 and variety 1301, with different plant architecture, were grown in 2017-2018. The planting density was set as main plots at 15×10⁴plants/hm² (D1), 30×10⁴ plants/hm² (D2) and 45×10⁴ plants/hm² (D3), with the row spacing as subplots of 15 cm (R15), 25 cm (R25) and 35 cm (R35). The changes of dry matter accumulation and distribution in different organs, carbon and nitrogen metabolism in stem and leaf, root activity and yield at maturity were studied. 【Result】 The results showed that: the root diameter, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and plant height decreased at maturity, and the effective branch number decreased with increased plant density, and the decrease rate became smaller with narrowing row spacing at the same density. Under the density of D1, D2 and D3, the above indices had the best performance at R25, R15 and R15. Compared with D1R25, the yield of HZ62 and 1301 decreased by 57.14% and 55.73% respectively, but the population yield increased by 21.55% and 30.92% in 2017-2018 under D3R15. The correlation analysis showed that there was a highly significant positive correlation between leaf dry matter allocation rate and individual plant yield, also, between stem and root dry matter allocation rate and population yield. Further analysis of the growth indexes showed that with the increase of plant density, leaf SPAD value, root biomass per plant, root bleeding sap and root activity decreased significantly, while the root biomass increased significantly. Under the same density, the leaf SPAD value, leaf and stem C/N ratio, leaf LAI and root biomass of the population increased by adjusting row spacing and decreasing the difference between plant spacing and row spacing, which laid a foundation for the yield at maturity. In 2017-2018, compared with D1R25, the C/N ratio of the stem decreased by 22.95%, the root biomass, bleeding snap and root activity of individual plant decreased by 35.60%, 16.07% and 15.51% respectively, while leaf C/N ratio and root biomass in population increased by 16.11% and 83.44% respectively for HZ62; the stem C/N ratio decreased by 19.71%, the root biomass per plant, bleeding snap and root activity decreased by 30.87%, 22.63% and 22.85% respectively, while leaf C/N ratio and root biomass in population increased by 14.84% and 108.21% respectively for 1301 under D3R15. 【Conclusion】Under the condition of this experiment, compared with the traditional arrangement of plant density and row spacing, the increasing plant density and narrowed row spacing could promote the nitrogen metabolism of individual leaf and increase the leaf SPAD value, the photosynthetic leaf area and the biomass as well as activity of root at the seedling stage to achieve higher yield.

Key words: rapeseed, density, row spacing, seedling traits, yield

蒯婕, 李真, 汪波, 刘芳, 叶俊, 周广生. 密度和行距配置对油菜苗期性状及产量形成的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(11): 2319-2332.

KUAI Jie, LI Zhen, WANG Bo, LIU Fang, YE Jun, ZHOU GuangSheng. Effects of Density and Row Spacing on Seedling Traits of Rapeseed and Seed Yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(11): 2319-2332.

图/表 9

表1

图1

表2

密度和行距配置对油菜成熟期农艺性状的影响"

年份 Year	品种 Variety	密度 Density	行距 Row Spacing	根颈粗 Root crown diameter (mm)	根干重 Root biomass (g/plant)	株高 Plant height (cm)	有效分枝起点 Branch height (cm)	有效分枝数 Branch number	地上部干重 Shoot biomass (g/plant)
2016—2017	华杂62 HZ62	D1	R15	16.19b	14.37b	188.6ab	71.1f	7.5a	68.70c
			R25	16.84a	16.11a	193.8a	77.0e	7.2a	79.00a
			R35	15.51c	13.30c	187.4ab	79.3e	6.5b	74.69b
		D2	R15	13.98d	8.73d	182.8bc	85.3d	6.1c	50.12d
			R25	13.66d	7.62e	181.8bc	86.7d	6.0c	48.30e
			R35	13.05e	5.26f	176.4c	95.0b	5.4d	46.80f
		D3	R15	12.07f	4.92g	175.6c	86.7d	6.1c	40.20g
			R25	10.69g	4.32h	174.4c	91.4c	5.4d	36.98h
			R35	10.65g	4.52h	173.5c	101.1a	5.0e	36.90h
方差分析 Variance analyses
	F_D			**	**	**	**	**	**
	F_R			**	**	NS	**	**	**
	F_D×F_R			**	**	NS	**	**	**
2017—2018	华杂62 HZ62	D1	R15	18.57c	13.05b	171.2b	68.7d	6.8c	66.22c
			R25	21.74a	13.91a	179.6a	67.7d	8.3a	87.72a
			R35	20.08b	13.26b	175.1ab	69.2d	7.4b	77.29b
		D2	R15	15.59d	7.39c	171.7b	79.3c	5.9d	51.43d
			R25	14.67e	6.65d	159.5c	78.5c	5.5e	43.58e
			R35	14.07f	6.19d	150.9d	77.8c	4.1g	33.60fg
		D3	R15	12.67g	4.90e	145.2de	84.1b	4.9f	34.96f
			R25	12.09h	4.65e	143.4e	85.1b	4.0g	32.93fg
			R35	12.48gh	4.86e	142.5e	90.9a	4.2g	30.60h
	1301	D1	R15	16.83b	5.99a	161.6a	61.0e	8.0b	66.38b
			R25	18.08a	6.04a	163.9a	59.3e	8.3a	75.20a
			R35	16.83b	5.65b	157.8b	59.4e	7.2c	58.43c
		D2	R15	14.82c	5.08c	157.6b	74.1d	6.8d	46.01d
			R25	13.20d	4.21d	154.5bc	86.6b	5.5f	43.70e
			R35	12.41e	3.27e	153.9bc	81.8c	6.0e	37.19f
		D3	R15	11.56f	3.09e	151.8cd	88.4ab	4.6g	34.61g
			R25	10.87g	2.73f	148.5de	90.6a	4.3i	32.30h
			R35	9.96h	2.72f	146.8e	90.3a	4.4h	28.62i
方差分析 Variance analyses
品种Variety (V)				**	**	**	**	**	**
密度Density (D)				**	**	**	**	**	**
行距Row spacing (R)				**	**	NS	**	**	**
品种×密度V×D				**	**	**	**	**	**
品种×行距V×R				**	**	NS	**	**	**
密度×行距D×R				**	**	**	**	**	**
品种×密度×行距V×D×R				**	**	**	**	**	**

表2

图2

表3

图3

图4

图5

表4

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品种 Variety	株高 Plant height (cm)	有效分枝部位 Branch height (cm)	主花序长度 Main inflorescence length (cm)	分枝角度 Branch angle (°)	分枝数 Branch number
华杂62 HZ62	184.5a	86.5a	53.4a	50.4a	8.7a
1301	163.8b	59.6b	45.2b	31.9b	7.8a

指标 Indicators	苗期 Seedling stage			薹期Bolting stage			花期Flowering stage
指标 Indicators	叶片Leaf	茎秆Stem	根系Root	叶片Leaf	茎秆Stem	根系Root	叶片Leaf	茎秆Stem	根系Root
单株产量 Yield per plant	0.815**	-0.910**	-0.602**	0.243	0.091	-0.283	0.725**	-0.308	-0.246
群体产量 Yield of population	-0.561**	0.456*	0.530**	-0.330	-0.035	0.318	-0.416*	-0.100	0.370

年份 Year	品种 Variety	密度 Density	行距 Row spacing	单株根系生物量 Root biomass per plant (g)	群体根系生物量 Root biomass of population (kg·hm^-2)	根系伤流量 Root bleeding sap (g/plant)	根系活力 Root activity (μgTTF·g^-1 FW·h^-1)
2016—2017	华杂62 HZ62	D1	R15	2.45b	334.5f	2.99bc	302.2bc
			R25	2.84a	391.5e	3.33a	341.8a
			R35	2.16c	291.9g	3.11b	313.6b
		D2	R15	2.45b	645.6b	2.94cd	294.4cd
			R25	2.39b	609.2c	2.42e	251.0e
			R35	2.08cd	537.9d	2.28f	235.6f
		D3	R15	2.12c	731.3a	2.81d	286.8d
			R25	1.99d	657.8b	2.38ef	241.9ef
			R35	1.84e	618.5c	2.10g	217.5g
方差分析 Variance analyses
	F_D			292.40**	1534.35**	983.11**	960.72**
	F_R			121.86**	91.53**	52.86**	46.53**
	F_D×F_R			25.32**	16.41**	29.59**	29.12**
2017—2018	华杂62 HZ62	D1	R15	2.47b	352.4ghi	3.40de	343.0cd
			R25	2.81a	417.8f	4.01a	402.9a
			R35	2.15de	309.9ij	3.75b	377.0b
		D2	R15	2.30c	649.5cd	3.24ef	333.0d
			R25	2.29cd	617.3de	2.93hi	302.4fg
			R35	2.12e	595.7e	2.64kl	267.5ij
		D3	R15	1.81f	766.8a	3.36de	340.4cd
			R25	1.72fg	716.9b	2.77ijk	280.9hi
			R35	1.68fg	689.1bc	2.19m	222.9k
	1301	D1	R15	1.51hi	183.3k	3.30e	330.3de
			R25	1.58gh	199.5k	3.67bc	376.5b
			R35	1.39ij	170.7k	3.51cd	352.5c
		D2	R15	1.48hi	365.1g	3.11fg	314.6ef
			R25	1.43ij	340.1ghij	2.95gh	297.0gh
			R35	1.33j	304.4j	2.52l	261.9j
		D3	R15	1.09k	415.2f	2.84hij	290.5gh
			R25	0.96kl	362.1gh	2.75jk	281.0hi
			R35	0.90l	318.0hij	2.17m	221.3k
方差分析 Variance analyses
品种Variety (V)				**	**	*	*
密度Density (D)				**	**	**	**
行距Row spacing (R)				**	**	**	**
品种×密度V×D				**	**	NS	NS
品种×行距V×R				**	NS	NS	*
密度×行距D×R				**	**	**	**
品种×密度×行距V×D×R				**	**	**	**