黄土高原不同地点小麦籽粒矿质元素的含量差异

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.17.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究同一区域不同地点小麦籽粒养分含量差异与土壤养分供应和作物养分吸收利用之间的关系,为科学施肥和培肥土壤提供依据。【方法】于2017—2018年分别在陕西永寿和杨凌布置田间试验,在施N 180 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 100 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 75 kg·hm^-2的条件下种植来自我国不同麦区的20个小麦品种,收获期取样测定籽粒产量、各器官养分及土壤养分含量,分析两地间土壤养分供应与籽粒大、中、微量元素含量差异的关系。【结果】永寿小麦籽粒氮和钾含量比杨凌低10.6%和6.7%,两地小麦磷含量无显著差异。永寿土壤氮磷供应能力、小麦氮磷钾吸收和向籽粒的转移均高于杨凌;但试验年份永寿的降水总量及其分布均比杨凌的更有利于小麦生长和产量形成,由此引起的产量增幅高于籽粒氮钾吸收量增幅、与磷吸收量增幅接近,产量稀释效应是导致两地间氮磷钾含量变化的主要原因。永寿小麦籽粒钙和镁含量比杨凌高19.0%和10.3%,两地硫含量无显著差异。永寿土壤交换性镁供应能力低于杨凌,交换性钙与杨凌无差异,但永寿土壤较低的pH、速效钾和较高的有效硫更有利于小麦钙镁硫的吸收和向籽粒的转移;与杨凌相比,永寿小麦籽粒钙镁吸收量增幅大于产量增幅、硫吸收量增幅与产量接近,这是两地籽粒钙镁硫含量变化的主要原因。永寿小麦籽粒铁、锰和铜含量比杨凌高9.3%、22.2%和12.7%,锌含量比杨凌低63.1%。永寿 0—20 cm土层有效铁锰含量与杨凌无差异,铜锌含量低于杨凌;但永寿小麦灌浆期比杨凌长,有利于小麦从土壤中吸收微量元素,而锌吸收被较高的有效磷抑制,导致永寿小麦铁锰铜吸收和向籽粒的转移高于杨凌而锌吸收和转移低于杨凌,这是两地籽粒铁锰铜含量变化的原因。【结论】在同一区域的不同地点,土壤养分供应和降水差异引起的产量与养分吸收增减幅度不同是籽粒养分含量变化的主要原因。与杨凌相比,永寿小麦籽粒氮含量低的主要原因是产量稀释效应;小麦磷和硫含量不降低的原因是土壤较高的有效磷和有效硫供应使得小麦磷、硫吸收量与产量以相近幅度增加;小麦籽粒钾、锌含量低的原因分别是土壤钾锌供应不足和磷锌拮抗;小麦钙镁含量的增加主要是因为较低的土壤pH和速效钾促进了钙镁吸收和转移;小麦籽粒铁锰铜含量的增加主要归因于较长的灌浆期增加了这些元素的吸收和向籽粒的转移。农业生产中应根据当地土壤养分供应和气候特点有针对性地调控施肥,使小麦养分吸收与产量变化相协调,在实现增产的同时提高籽粒矿质营养品质。

关键词: 旱地, 小麦, 籽粒, 矿质元素, 土壤养分, 黄土高原

Abstract:

【Objective】This study was performed to understand the differences of wheat grain nutrient concentrations and their relations to soil nutrient and crop nutrient uptake and utilization among different locations at the same region, in order to guide reasonable fertilizer application and improve soil fertility for local farmers. 【Method】Field experiments were conducted at Yongshou and Yangling in Shaanxi province from 2017 to 2018. At each site, twenty wheat cultivars from different wheat production areas were planted under conditions of 180 kg N·hm^-2, 100 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 and 75 kg K₂O·hm^-2. The aboveground wheat plant and soil samples were collected at maturity to determine the grain yield and nutrient concentration in different organs and soil available macro- and micronutrients, for investigating the relationships between soil nutrient supply and grain nutrient concentration at two locations. 【Result】Compared to Yangling, the grain nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) concentrations were decreased by 10.6% and 6.7% at Yongshou, respectively, but no difference was observed for phosphorus (P) concentration between two locations. Soil N and P supply capacity, N, P and K uptake and harvest index at Yongshou were higher than that of Yangling, but the total rainfall and its distribution at Yongshou were more beneficial to grain yield formation to Yangling. The increase magnitude of grain yield caused by the rainfall was larger than the magnitude of grain N and K uptake increase, and close to that of grain P uptake. Thus, the decrease of grain N, P and K concentrations was mainly attributed to the yield dilution. The concentrations of grain calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) at Yongshou were 19.0% and 10.3% higher than that at Yangling, respectively, and the difference for sulfur (S) concentration was not significantly different between two locations. Soil exchangeable Mg at Yongshou was lower than that at Yangling, and no difference of soil exchangeable Ca was found between two locations. However, the lower soil pH and available K, and higher available S promoted the uptake and translocation of Ca and Mg to grain at Yongshou. Compared with Yangling, the increase of Ca and Mg absorption in wheat grains was greater than that of yield increase, and the increase of S absorption was close to that of the yield. Therefore, Ca and Mg concentration in grains increased, and the S concentration did not change significantly. The concentrations of grain iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) at Yongshou were 9.3%, 22.2% and 12.7% higher than those at Yangling, respectively, and grain zinc (Zn) concentration was 63.1% lower than Yangling. No significant difference was observed for soil available Mn between two locations, but soil available Cu and Zn at Yongshou were lower than that of Yangling. The longer filling period promoted the uptake of micronutrients in wheat grain, whereas the higher soil available P inhibited Zn uptake, this resulted in a higher Fe, Mn and Cu uptake and translocation to grain, and lower Zn uptake and translocation to grain. The higher Fe, Mn and Cu uptake in grain increased their concentrations, while the Zn concentration decreased. 【Conclusion】Therefore, the discordance between variation of grain yield and its nutrient uptake caused by different precipitation and soil nutrient supply capacities between locations were the key reason for their nutrient concentration variation in dryland. Compared with Yangling, the yield dilution influence was the main reason for the lower N concentration in wheat grain of Yongshou. It was the higher soil available P and available S supply, so that the higher P and S absorption of grain and aboveground at Yongshou did not decrease its grain P and S concentrations. The lower soil available K and Zn as well as the P and Zn antagonistic inhibited the accumulation of wheat grain K and Zn at Yongshou. Low pH and low available K promoted the plant absorption and transfer of Ca and Mg to grain at Yongshou, and the longer grain-filling period benefitted the absorption of Fe, Mn and Cu and the transfer to grain. In practical crop production, the optimized fertilization practice should be taken according to the specific soil nutrient supply and climate conditions for the purpose to coordinate the crop nutrient uptake and yield change, to produce wheat with high yield and high grain nutrient quality.

Key words: dry land, wheat, grain, soil nutrients, Loess Plateau

王丽,王朝辉,郭子糠,陶振魁,郑洺钧,黄宁,高志源,张欣欣,黄婷苗. 黄土高原不同地点小麦籽粒矿质元素的含量差异[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(17): 3527-3540.

WANG Li,WANG ZhaoHui,GUO ZiKang,TAO ZhenKui,ZHENG MingJun,HUANG Ning,GAO ZhiYuan,ZHANG XinXin,HUANG TingMiao. Differences of Main Nutrient Concentration in Wheat Grain Between Typical Locations of the Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(17): 3527-3540.

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土层 Soil layer (cm)	地点 Site	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
0-20	永寿Yongshou	8.0b	13.5a	0.8a	8.0a	0.5a	19.4a	140.8a
0-20	杨凌Yangling	8.1a	14.1a	0.8a	6.4a	0.2a	3.3b	167.5a
20-40	永寿Yongshou	7.9b	12.1a	0.7a	18.7a	0.5a	13.9a	121.6b
20-40	杨凌Yangling	8.2a	9.3b	0.6b	3.9b	0.0b	1.2b	134.8a

试验地点 Site	品种数 Variety number	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	生物量 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest (%)	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
永寿Yongshou	20	5928a	11995a	49.4a	433a	32a	44.0b
杨凌Yangling	20	4502b	10781b	41.6b	353b	29a	46.0a

土层 Soil layer (cm)	地点 Site	中量元素Medium element			微量元素Microelement
土层 Soil layer (cm)	地点 Site	有效硫 Available S (mg·kg^-1)	交换性钙 Exch.-Ca (g·kg^-1)	交换性镁 Exch.-Mg (g·kg^-1)	有效铁 DTPA-Fe (mg·kg^-1)	有效锰 DTPA-Mn (mg·kg^-1)	有效铜 DTPA-Cu (mg·kg^-1)	有效锌 DTPA-Zn (mg·kg^-1)
0-20	永寿Yongshou	9.14a	36.9a	1.00b	5.48a	10.53a	1.13b	0.33b
0-20	杨凌Yangling	5.69a	36.6a	2.19a	5.26a	11.64a	1.25a	0.47a
20-40	永寿Yongshou	9.13a	37.1a	1.02b	5.99a	9.13a	1.23a	0.29a
20-40	杨凌Yangling	5.46a	37.6a	2.42a	5.63a	8.75a	1.44a	0.24a