寒地黑土农区紫花苜蓿生产与品质对施肥和刈割频次的响应及效益分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.13.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【背景】 东北寒地黑土区气候寒冷生长期较短,以往在退化草地或低产田种植紫花苜蓿,为保证安全越冬,一般每年只能刈割三茬;在 “粮改饲”背景下,寒地黑土农区耕地土质相对较肥沃,田间管理较规范。【目的】 通过探究东北寒地黑土农区在合理施肥条件下紫花苜蓿年刈割4茬的可行性,为寒地黑土农区苜蓿种植提供技术支持。【方法】 以种植第二年“东农1号”紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.‘Dongnong No.1’)为试验材料,在苜蓿春季返青前一次性土壤施肥525 kg·hm ^-2基础上,再于每次刈割前15 d喷施自主研制的寒地黑土农区紫花苜蓿专用叶面肥,进行年刈割4茬和3茬的比较试验,以不施任何肥为对照,观测施肥条件下紫花苜蓿年刈割4茬比传统年刈割3茬在产草量、营养品质及越冬率的变化,并进行经济效益分析,探讨在东北寒地黑土农区合理施肥条件下苜蓿年刈割4茬的可行性。【结果】 施肥可以有效提高苜蓿产草量和质量,在施肥（土壤底肥+叶面肥）条件下,苜蓿年刈割4茬和3茬的总干草产量分别为13 544.44 kg·hm^-2、11 935.26 kg·hm^-2,比对照（不施肥）分别提高了11.45%、10.77%,平均粗蛋白质含量分别达22.11%、21.68%,比对照分别提高了8.17%、7.59%。施肥（土壤肥+叶面肥）条件下,苜蓿年刈割4茬比年刈割3茬的干草产量提高13.48%,平均粗蛋白质含量提高2%,并对越冬率影响不大,仅降低2个百分点,从96.70%降低为94.84%。苜蓿施肥并年刈割4茬的产值和产投比分别达24 380.01元/hm²和2.05,比不施肥年刈割3茬纯增收4 851.68元/hm²,经济效益明显。【结论】 在东北寒地黑土农区种植紫花苜蓿,在合理施肥条件下年刈割4茬,不但可以获得较高的产草量、牧草质量和经济效益,而且不影响安全越冬。

关键词: 紫花苜蓿, 寒地黑土农区, 刈割频次, 施肥, 产草量, 营养品质

Abstract:

【Background】 The climate in the Mollisol area of Northeast China is cold and the growth period is short in the past, alfalfa was planted in degraded grassland or low-yield fields. In order to ensure safe wintering, it is generally only castrated three times a year. Under the background of “grain to feed”, the soil quality of the cultivated land in the Mollisol agricultural area in cold region is relatively fertile, and the field management is relatively standardized. 【Objective】 The purpose of this experiment is to explore the feasibility of alfalfa cutting four times a year under the condition of reasonable fertilization in the Mollisol agricultural area in cold region of northeast cold region. 【Method】 The second year of planting (Medicago sativa L. “Dongnong No.1”) was used as experimental material to study the one-time fertilization of soil 525 kg·hm ^-2 in the alfalfa spring before returning to green. The 525 kg·hm^-2 disposable soil fertilization (the self-developed Mollisol agricultural area in cold region special compound fertilizer, patent application number: 201101193040.0) was studied before the spring return to green, and then sprayed 15 days before each castration. Self-developed alfalfa special foliar fertilizer for Mollisol agricultural area in cold region (patent application number: 201010124670.2), nutrient quality and overwintering rate, and the economic benefit was analyzed. 【Result】 Fertilization can effectively improve the yield and quality of alfalfa. Under the condition of fertilization (soil fertilizer + foliar fertilizer), the annual total hay yield of four and three stubbles of alfalfa was 13 544.44 kg·hm^-2and 11 935.26 kg·hm^-2, which were 11.45% and 10.77% higher than that of the control, and the average crude protein content was 22.11%, 21.68%, 8.17% and 7.59% higher than that of the control. Increasing the number of cutting times under fertilization (soil fertilizer + foliar fertilizer) can effectively improve the yield and quality of grass, and has little effect on the overwintering rate. Compared with the three cropping, the annual hay yield and the average crude protein content of alfalfa were increased by 13.48% and 2%.And it had little effect on the overwintering rate, only reduced by 2 percentage points, from 96.70% to 94.84%. The output value and input-output ratio of four stubbles of alfalfa with fertilization and annual mowing were 24 380.01 yuan/hm² and 2.05, which increased the net income of three stubbles by 4 851.68 yuan/hm² compared with the three stubbles of alfalfa without fertilization. 【Conclusion】 It is feasible to cut four stubbles of alfalfa under reasonable fertilization conditions in Mollisol agricultural area in cold region by comprehensive comparative analysis.

Key words: alfalfa, Mollisol agricultural area in cold region, cutting frequency, fertilizer, grass yield, nutritional quality

巩皓,杨柳,李丹丹,刘国富,肖知新,吴清莹,崔国文. 寒地黑土农区紫花苜蓿生产与品质对施肥和刈割频次的响应及效益分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(13): 2657-2667.

GONG Hao,YANG Liu,LI DanDan,LIU GuoFu,XIAO ZhiXin,WU QingYing,CUI GuoWen. Response of Alfalfa Production and Quality to Fertilization and Cutting Frequency and Benefit Analysis in Mollisol Agricultural Area in Cold Region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(13): 2657-2667.

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处理 Treatment	刈割频次 Frequency	自然高度 Natural height (cm)	垂直高度 Vertical height (cm)	茎叶比 Stem/leaf ratio	干草产量 Dry yield (kg·hm^-2)
CK	3-1	73.11±0.36b	76.17±0.47b	1.23±0.03a	3998.15±32.08b
施肥 Fertilizer ilizer	3-1	76.74±1.58a	82.06±2.15a	1.21±0.18a	4627.7±33.33a
CK	3-2	54.91±1.60b	61.59±2.17b	1.16±0.03a	3897.22±80.08b
施肥 Fertilizer	3-2	62.86±0.86a	72.25±1.68a	1.03±0.17b	4125± 54.65a
CK	3-3	42.41±0.49b	55.06±4.02b	1.04±0.01a	2879.63±66.74b
施肥 Fertilizer	3-3	51.41±0.9a	66.35±0.88a	0.78±0.05b	3181.48±35.72a
CK	4-1	68.19±0.36b	72.54±0.59b	1.29±0.11a	3826.67±113.11b
施肥 Fertilizer	4-1	72.53±1.58a	79.00±0.95a	1.22±0.03b	4157.41±66.28a
CK	4-2	65.72±0.61b	73.58±1.30b	1.19±0.01a	4205.56±19.25b
施肥 Fertilizer	4-2	72.97±0.07a	79.97±0.94a	1.10±0.01b	4618.52± 47.25a
CK	4-3	60.56±0.85b	75.04±0.38b	1.15±0.01a	2740.74±48.54b
施肥 Fertilizer	4-3	65.00±0.54a	79.88±1.82a	1.08±0.02b	3038.89±38.89a
CK	4-4	40.93±1.03b	45.03±1.36b	0.79±0.06a	1379.63±21.03b
施肥 Fertilizer	4-4	47.81±1.31a	51.12±0.67a	0.68±0.03b	1729.63±44.91a

处理 Traetment	刈割频次 Frequency	粗蛋白 CP	中性洗涤纤维NDF	酸性洗涤纤维ADF	钙 Ca	粗脂肪 EE	粗灰分 Ash
CK	3-1	15.70±0.16a	40.46±0.43a	27.44±0.27a	1.96±0.11b	2.71±0.25b	9.25±0.27a
施肥Fertilizer	3-1	16.09±0.52a	36.12±0.36b	23.12±0.19b	2.26±0.09a	4.15±0.09a	9.63±0.44a
CK	3-2	21.56±0.28b	39.73±0.31a	26.43±0.61a	1.44±0.03a	3.20±0.23b	9.53±0.38b
施肥Fertilizer	3-2	23.25±0.06a	37.60±0.56b	22.98±0.87b	1.46±0.02a	4.09±0.12a	10.53±0.38a
CK	3-3	23.20±0.49b	37.78±0.47a	24.96±0.90a	1.30±0.01a	3.78±0.15b	9.72±0.4b
施肥Fertilizer	3-3	25.70±0.27a	34.19±0.27b	22.19±0.42b	1.34±0.18a	4.39±0.19a	10.43±0.28a
CK	4-1	17.82±0.13b	34.17±0.18a	23.77±0.31a	2.04±0.03b	3.12±0.29b	9.50±0.29b
施肥Fertilizer	4-1	18.58±0.22a	31.85±0.32b	20.74±0.20b	2.17±0.02a	4.27±0.23a	10.17±0.12a
CK	4-2	19.46±0.17b	40.16±0.85a	25.41±0.41a	1.98±0.06b	3.70±0.10a	10.19±0.06b
施肥Fertilizer	4-2	21.23±0.17a	38.49±0.33a	24.72±0.22a	2.15±0.06a	3.98±0.27a	10.75±0.38a
CK	4-3	20.40±0..43b	41.18±0.36a	26.12±0.70a	1.57±0.03b	4.05±0.55b	9.84±0.33a
施肥Fertilizer	4-3	22.57±0.46a	36.66±0.52b	23.68±0.07b	1.72±0.06a	4.52±0.18a	10.00±0.09a
CK	4-4	24.07±0.15b	35.12±0.53a	22.96±0.56a	1.40±0.01b	3.58±0.24b	10.01±0.02a
施肥Fertilizer	4-4	26.39±0.40a	30.40±0.37b	20.17±0.69b	1.65±0.02a	4.96±0.57a	10.86±0.34a

处理 Treatment	刈割频次 Frequency	越冬率 Over-wintering rate (%)
CK	3	96.07±1.20a
施肥Fertilizer	3	97.32±0.92a
CK	4	94.62±2.15a
施肥Fertilizer	4	94.84±0.78a

	自然高度 Natural height (cm)	垂直高度 Vertical height (cm)	茎叶比 Stem/leaf ratio	干草产量 Dry yield (kg·hm^-2)
施肥Fertilizer	<0.001***	<0.001***	<0.001***	<0.001***
刈割频次Cutting frequency	0.004**	0.417ns	0.209 ns	<0.001***
施肥×刈割频次Fertilizer×cutting frequency	0.162ns	0.047*	0.046*	0.008**

	粗蛋白 CP (%)	中性洗涤纤维 NDF (%)	酸性洗涤纤维 ADF (%)	钙 Ca (%)	粗脂肪 EE (%)	粗灰分 Ash (%)
施肥Fertilizer	<0.001***	<0.001***	<0.001***	<0.001***	<0.001***	<0.001***
刈割频次Cutting frequency	0.052ns	0.064ns	0.259ns	<0.001***	<0.001***	0.012*
施肥×刈割频次Fertilizer×cutting frequency	0.534ns	0.024*	0.004**	0.07ns	0.393ns	0.503ns