长期不同施肥对棕壤细菌群落结构和碳代谢功能的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (8): 1579-1590.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

长期不同施肥对棕壤细菌群落结构和碳代谢功能的影响

白雨欣¹^,²^,³(), 刘灵芝¹(), 安婷婷¹, 李双异¹, 汪景宽¹

¹ 沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院/土肥资源高效利用国家工程实验室/农业农村部东北耕地保育重点实验室，沈阳110866
² 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所，沈阳110016
³ 中国科学院大学，北京101400

收稿日期:2024-07-18 接受日期:2024-11-15 出版日期:2025-04-16 发布日期:2025-04-21
通信作者:
刘灵芝，E-mail：liulingzhi2006@syau.edu.cn
联系方式: 白雨欣，E-mail：baiyuxin22@mails.ucas.ac.cn。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1500205); 辽宁省高等学校基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220995)

Eeffects of Long-Term Fertilization on Bacterial Community Structure and Carbon Metabolic Functions in Brown Soil

BAI YuXin¹^,²^,³(), LIU LingZhi¹(), AN TingTing¹, LI ShuangYi¹, WANG JingKuan¹

¹ College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University/National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110866
² Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016
³ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400

Received:2024-07-18 Accepted:2024-11-15 Published:2025-04-16 Online:2025-04-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】了解农田土壤细菌种群结构、关键物种以及细菌碳代谢功能与长期不同施肥土壤理化、生物学性质的关联性。【方法】基于细菌16S rRNA分子标记，采用扩增子测序技术，解析沈阳农业大学长期定位实验站29年连续实施不同施肥（不施肥，CK；单施化肥，N4；化肥减量配施有机肥，M2N2）后，土壤细菌群落结构、生态网络、潜在碳代谢功能与土壤理化生物学性质的关系。【结果】不同施肥处理导致土壤理化生物学性质以及细菌种群、多样性和潜在碳代谢基因丰度发生明显变化。与不施肥（CK）相比，长期单施化肥（N4）显著降低了土壤pH、细菌物种数量和群落多样性，化肥减量配施有机肥（M2N2）具有良好的维持作用。长期施肥（N4和M2N2）虽显著增加土壤呼吸作用，但明显降低0—20 cm土层土壤净氮矿化速率。其中，与N4处理相比，M2N2处理可明显提升土壤净氮矿化速率。土壤NH₄⁺-N含量、净氮矿化速率和pH是土壤细菌种群差异的重要影响因子。网络共现分析显示，Bradyrhizobium elkanii 和 beta proteobacterium WWH154是维持细菌生态网络稳定性的关键物种，其中，100株优势细菌物种全部与beta proteobacterium WWH154呈共现关系，54%的物种与Bradyrhizobium elkanii表现出共现关系。长期施肥（N4和M2N2）可增加两个关键物种的相对丰度，增幅61.9%—169.4%，M2N2处理的增幅更为明显。碳代谢基因功能预测发现，N4处理降低土壤细菌碳固定、氨基酰基转运RNA生物合成和氨基酸相关酶等碳代谢基因的丰度，M2N2处理则能较好地稳定碳代谢途径。【结论】长期施肥改变农田土壤理化和生物学性质，化肥减量配施有机肥（M2N2）通过富集关键物种，增加微生物网络复杂性来响应环境变化，维持土壤生态功能，进而提升作物产量。

关键词: 长期施肥, 棕壤, 关键物种, 细菌多样性, 网络共现

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to elucidate the relationships among bacterial population structure, key species, carbon metabolic functions, and variations in soil physicochemical and biological properties resulting from long-term different fertilization treatments in agricultural soils. 【Method】 The amplicon sequencing technology based on the molecular marker of bacterial 16S rRNA were employed to analyze soil bacterial community structure, ecological networks, potential carbon metabolic functions, and their correlations with soil physicochemical and biological properties after 29 years of continuous application of various fertilization treatments (no fertilization as control, CK; chemical fertilizers, N4; and reduced application of chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure, M2N2) at the Long-term Positioning Experimental Station at Shenyang Agricultural University. 【Result】Different fertilization treatments significantly altered soil physicochemical and biological properties, and bacterial populations, diversity, and abundance of potential carbon metabolic genes. Compared with CK treatment, N4 treatment significantly decreased soil pH value, bacterial abundance and community diversity, which indicated that M2N2 treatment demonstrated a beneficial maintenance effect. Although long-term fertilization practices (both N4 and M2N2) significantly increased soil respiration rates, they also markedly reduced net nitrogen (N) mineralization rates at 0-20 cm soil layer. Furthermore, compared with N4 treatment, M2N2 treatment significantly enhanced soil net N mineralization rates. Soil ammonium N content, net N mineralization rate and pH value were the critical environmental factors influencing soil bacterial populations. Network co-occurrence analysis revealed that Bradyrhizobium elkanii and beta proteobacterium WWH154 were the key bacterial species that maintained the stability of bacterial ecological networks, and about 100 dominant bacterial species co-occurred fully with beta proteobacterium WWH154 and 54% of the species co-occurred with Bradyrhizobium elkanii. Long-term fertilization (N4 and M2N2) increased the relative abundance of two key species by 61.9%-169.4%, especially the M2N2 treatment. The function prediction of carbon metabolic genes showed that N4 treatment reduced the abundance of various carbon metabolism-related genes, such as carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes, Aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis and Amino acid related enzymes in soil bacteria, and M2N2 treatment significantly stabilized the carbon metabolic pathways. 【Conclusion】In summary, long-term fertilization altered the physicochemical and biological properties of agricultural soil. Reduced application of chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure enriched key bacterial species and increased the complexity of microbial networks, which would be beneficial to coping with environmental changes, thus maintaining soil ecological functions and increasing crop yield.

Key words: long-term fertilization, brown soil, key bacterial species, bacterial diversity, network co-occurrence

白雨欣, 刘灵芝, 安婷婷, 李双异, 汪景宽. 长期不同施肥对棕壤细菌群落结构和碳代谢功能的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(8): 1579-1590.

BAI YuXin, LIU LingZhi, AN TingTing, LI ShuangYi, WANG JingKuan. Eeffects of Long-Term Fertilization on Bacterial Community Structure and Carbon Metabolic Functions in Brown Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(8): 1579-1590.

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土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	酸碱性 pH	总氮 TN (mg·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	有机质 SOM (mg·kg^-1)	16S rDNA 基因丰度 16S rDNA gene abundance (log copies·g^-1)	氮矿化速率 Nitrogen mineralization rate (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)	土壤呼吸 Soil respiration (μg·g^-1·h^-1)
0-20	CK	6.30±0.11Aa	1.04±0.01Ab	0.62±0.01Ac	9.34±0.04Ac	33.75±0.13Ab	18.57±0.36Ab	11.99±0.06Aa	30.00±4.29Aa	9.81±0.88Ab
	N4	4.91±0.09Ac	0.93±0.01Ac	2.08±0.03Aa	11.59±0.02Ab	24.25±0.31Ac	16.33±0.11Ac	11.88±0.12Aa	22.93±3.28Ac	12.51±0.80Aa
	M2N2	5.92±0.01Ab	1.35±0.003Aa	1.61±0.03Ab	12.64±0.12Aa	181.71±0.19Aa	22.37±0.17Aa	12.16±0.05Aa	29.45±4.21Ab	13.89±0.24Aa
20-40	CK	6.52±0.01Aa	0.69±0.02Ba	0.71±0.01Bb	7.15±0.01Ac	12.46±0.13Bb	12.03±0.36Ba	11.61±0.04Aa	18.57±2.65Ac	9.06±0.69Ab
	N4	5.40±0.06Ac	0.65±0.01Ba	0.73±0.05Bab	9.89±0.05Ab	6.64±0.15Bc	11.69±0.25Ba	10.95±0.01Ac	23.61±3.37Ab	11.55±0.37Aa
	M2N2	5.91±0.09Ab	0.66±0.01Ba	0.83±0.02Ba	11.24±0.07Aa	104.64±0.19Ba	11.26±0.21Ba	11.37±0.04Ab	31.53±4.50Aa	11.41±0.64Aa

长期不同施肥对棕壤细菌群落结构和碳代谢功能的影响

Eeffects of Long-Term Fertilization on Bacterial Community Structure and Carbon Metabolic Functions in Brown Soil

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