我国主要麦区主栽高产品种产量差异及其与 产量构成和氮磷钾吸收利用的关系

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.01.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确主栽高产品种产量差异与产量构成、氮磷钾吸收利用的关系,对于通过选育优良品种,进一步优化养分管理和栽培措施,缩小产量差,以指导我国主要麦区小麦的高产优质生产。【方法】于2016—2017年度在我国黄淮北片、黄淮南片和长江中下游3个主要冬麦区进行田间试验,种植各麦区主栽高产品种,研究高产小麦品种产量差异及其与干物质累积、产量构成和氮磷钾吸收利用之间的关系。【结果】黄淮北片、黄淮南片和长江中下游麦区籽粒产量均存在较大差异,分别介于7 751—8 702 kg·hm ^-2、7 302—8 413 kg·hm ^-2、5 554—到6 294 kg·hm ^-2。各麦区品种高产的原因不同,黄淮北片麦区,高产品种具有高的地上部生物量和收获指数,穗数也是高产的原因;黄淮南片麦区高的收获指数和穗粒数是高产的关键;长江中下游麦区高产的主要原因是高的收获指数和千粒重。黄淮北片麦区,高产品种有低的籽粒含氮量和需氮量以及高的氮生理效率;黄淮南片麦区,高产品种茎叶含磷量和需磷量较低,但磷生理效率和茎叶含钾量较高;长江中下游麦区,高产品种的籽粒含钾量低,籽粒含磷量和茎叶含磷钾量高,地上部氮磷吸收量高,磷生理效率低于而需磷量高于对照品种。【结论】总体来看,黄淮北片麦区鲁原118、黄淮南片濮麦168、长江中下游麦区华麦7号等具有较好的产量表现;在我国主要麦区,地上部生物量和收获指数仍是高产的关键,同时提高地上部养分吸收利用和养分收获指数,才能提高生理效率,降低养分需求量,实现小麦高产优质。

关键词: 小麦, 品种, 产量, 产量构成, 氮磷钾

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify wheat yield variation and its relationship to yield components and nutrient uptake and utilization for major high-yielding cultivars, so as to provide guidance to close yield gap and realize high yield and high quality in wheat production. 【Method】 Field experiments were conducted in 2016-2017 to test the major wheat cultivars in North-Huanghuai, South-Huanghuai, and the middle and lower Yangtze River reaches of China, under local suitable agricultural cultivations. The variation of yield and its relationship to dry matter accumulation, yield components, NPK uptake and utilization were investigated for the high-yielding cultivars in the three wheat production regions. 【Result】 Large variation of grain yield existed in each wheat production region, ranging from 7 751 to 8 702 kg hm ^-2 in North-Huanghuai, 7 302 to 8 413 kg·hm ^-2 in South-Huanghuai, and 5 554 to 6 294 kg·hm ^-2 in the middle and lower Yangtze River reaches. The high-yielding cultivars in North-Huanghuai were found to have higher biomass, harvest index and spike number than that of control cultivars, the high-yielding cultivars in South-HuangHuai had higher harvest index and grain number, and the high-yielding cultivars in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River had higher harvest index and thousand grain weight. Besides, in North-HuangHuai the high-yielding cultivars showed lower grain N content and N requirement, and higher N physiological efficiency than that of control, in South-HuangHuai the high-yielding cultivars showed lower straw P content and P requirement, higher P physiological efficiency and straw K content, and in the middle and lower Yangtze River reaches, the high-yielding cultivars showed lower K content in grain, higher K content in straw, P content in grain and straw, and N and P uptake in shoot, and lower P physiological efficiency and higher P requirement.【Conclusion】 The elite high-yielding cultivars, such as Luyuan118, Pumai168 and Huamai7, showed higher yield performance in North-Huanghuai, South-Huanghuai and the middle and lower Yangtze River reaches, respectively. In main wheat production regions of China, increasing shoot biomass and harvest index was the key factor to produce high grain yields. Also, enhancing shoot nutrient uptake and nutrient harvest index was necessary to achieve high grain nutrition quality as well as high yield.

Key words: wheat, cultivars, yield, yield components, nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium

黄宁,王朝辉,王丽,马清霞,张悦悦,张欣欣,王瑞. 我国主要麦区主栽高产品种产量差异及其与产量构成和氮磷钾吸收利用的关系[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(1): 81-93.

Ning HUANG,ZhaoHui WANG,Li WANG,QingXia MA,YueYue ZHANG,XinXin ZHANG,Rui WANG. Yield Variation of Winter Wheat and Its Relationship to Yield Components, NPK Uptake and Utilization of Leading and High Yielding Wheat Cultivars in Main Wheat Production Regions of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(1): 81-93.

图/表 6

表1

各麦区试验站试验田块0—20 cm土层的基本理化性状和施肥情况"

麦区 Region	试验点 Station	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	pH	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	施肥量 Fertilization (kg·hm^-2)
麦区 Region	试验点 Station	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	pH	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
黄淮北片NHH	河北沧州 Cangzhou, Hebei	22.6	8.3	1.3	2.7	6.4	46.4	333.9	291	210	113
	河北邯郸 Handan, Hebei	19.6	8.2	1.1	20.5	6.2	26.5	143.4	216	113	113
	河北衡水 Hengshui, Hebei	23.8	8.2	1.4	21.7	5.5	24.2	195.0	351	53	60
	河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei	10.2	8.1	0.6	20.9	3.2	18.4	112.0	225	150	83
	山东菏泽 Heze, Shandong	18.0	8.2	1.0	44.6	5.7	23.1	143.4	225	206	56
	山东滨州 Binzhou, Shandong	11.8	8.1	0.8	8.7	9.1	10.6	150.1	245	176	59
	山东泰安 Taian, Shandong	33.2	6.9	2.0	27.4	11.9	89.7	322.7	480	135	68
	北京中种Zhongzhong, Beijing	21.4	8.1	1.2	18.0	3.8	19.1	87.4	258	75	60
	山西临汾 Linfen, Shanxi	33.3	8.1	1.7	13.8	7.9	65.8	150.1	253	184	90
黄淮南片SHH	江苏淮安 Huaian, Jiangsu	34.3	4.9	2.1	57.5	109.8	115.0	398.9	245	90	90
	安徽亳州 Bozhou, Anhui	26.5	6.3	1.4	20.8	12.9	64.3	192.7	375	225	150
	安徽合肥 Hefei, Anhui	23.8	5.8	1.2	23.0	23.9	44.4	181.5	150	90	98
	河南洛阳 Luoyang, Henan	15.9	8.0	0.9	11.1	3.0	8.7	147.9	137	68	68
	河南濮阳 Puyang, Henan	13.6	8.1	0.8	19.3	3.9	20.2	118.8	251	113	113
	河南商丘 Shangqiu Henan	19.1	8.0	1.2	16.5	8.0	40.3	264.4	195	173	83
	河南驻马店 Zhumadian, Henan	23.1	6.8	1.3	18.7	14.0	41.6	239.8	212	90	38
	陕西西农 Xinong, Shaanxi	18.3	8.1	1.1	14.9	11.1	16.0	181.5	203	90	60
	陕西咸阳 Xianyang, Shaanxi	16.7	8.1	1.0	26.9	3.1	19.3	233.0	219	60	30
	甘肃兰州 Lanzhou, Gansu	13.7	8.6	0.8	18.9	0.4	15.6	195.0	201	120	0
长江中下游 YR	安徽六安-1 Luan-1, Anhui	26.6	5.1	1.4	8.8	8.2	21.0	145.7	193	104	104
	安徽六安-2 Luan-2, Anhui	33.5	5.9	2.0	5.0	11.5	27.4	242.0	169	60	96
	河南信阳-1 Xinyang-1, Henan	17.0	4.9	1.0	20.2	31.1	34.7	192.7	265	79	79
	河南信阳-2 Xinyang-2, Henan	17.8	4.8	1.1	24.8	25.5	33.8	186.0	170	101	101
	湖北武汉-1 Wuhan-1, Hubei	24.8	5.1	1.3	47.6	13.1	48.5	338.4	137	96	96
	湖北武汉-2 Wuhan-2, Hubei	22.1	5.9	1.3	18.2	8.8	18.4	114.3	187	135	135
	湖北襄阳-1 Xiangyang-1, Hubei	19.1	5.8	1.1	2.9	14.0	29.6	116.5	266	128	53
	湖北襄阳-2 Xiangyang-2, Hubei	28.1	6.0	1.5	12.9	11.9	19.2	138.9	222	90	60
	江苏南京-1 Nanjing-1, Jiangsu	19.0	7.6	1.1	14.5	4.7	19.8	71.7	236	59	88
	江苏南京-2 Nanjing-2, Jiangsu	21.5	7.6	1.4	13.1	5.4	33.6	89.6	225	122	68
	江苏扬州-1 Yangzhou-1, Jiangsu	13.3	5.3	0.9	114.4	19.2	34.1	65.0	223	68	68
	江苏扬州-2 Yangzhou-2, Jiangsu	11.4	8.0	0.7	4.3	6.7	29.7	123.2	268	113	113

表1

图1

表2

表3

表4

表5

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区域 Region	产量等级 Yield level	品种 Cultivar	产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	生物量Biomass (kg·hm^-2)		收获指数 Harvest index (%)	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴)	穗粒数 Grain per spike	千粒重 1000 grain weight (g)
区域 Region	产量等级 Yield level	品种 Cultivar	产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	地上部 Aboveground	茎叶 Straw	收获指数 Harvest index (%)	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴)	穗粒数 Grain per spike	千粒重 1000 grain weight (g)
黄淮北片 NHH	高产 H	邯11-5276 Han 11-5276	8702a	18205ab	9502ab	47.9abc	721a	29.9de	41.4bc
		鲁原118 Luyuan 118	8696a	17823abc	9127b	48.9a	613c	31.8cd	45.3a
		中麦4072 Zhongmai 4072	8588a	17818abc	9229ab	48.3ab	672abc	32.8bc	40.0c
		邢麦20 Xinmai 20	8577a	18478a	9902a	46.6cd	687ab	30.7cd	41.3bc
		均值 Mean	8641A	18081A	9440A	47.9A	673A	31.3A	42.0A
	对照 CK	临农12 Linnong 12	7931b	16977cd	9047b	46.8bcd	654abc	27.8e	45.4a
		BY35 A19	7878b	16826cd	8947b	47.0bcd	646bc	29.7de	43.1abc
		沧麦13 Cangmai 13	7790b	17194bcd	9404ab	45.5d	542d	35.5b	41.7bc
		鲁研9088 Luyan 9088	7751b	16745d	8994b	46.3cd	448e	40.2a	43.7ab
		均值 Mean	7837B	16936B	9098A	46.4B	572A	33.3A	43.5A
黄淮南片 SHH	高产 H	濮麦168 Pumai 168	8413Aa	16698Aa	8285Ab	50.6Aa	515Ab	41.4Aa	40.8Abc
	对照 CK	华麦226 Huamai 226	7648b	16540a	8892ab	46.4b	578ab	31.6b	43.5ab
		西农615 Xinong 615	7555b	17526a	9972a	42.9c	661a	29.9bc	38.5c
		百农5822 Bainong 5822	7302b	16641a	9339ab	44.1bc	646a	27.1c	44.1a
		均值 Mean	7501B	16902Aa	9401A	44.5A	628A	29.5B	42.1A
长江中下游 YR	高产 H	华麦7号 Huamai 7	6294a	13138a	6844a	48.7a	530a	33.4a	39.1a
长江中下游 YR	对照 CK	扬麦10-120 Yangmai 10-120	5554b	12220a	6666a	46.6b	538a	31.9a	36.0b

区域 Region	产量等级 Yield level	品种 Cultivar	含氮量 N content (g·kg^-1)		地上部吸氮量 N uptake in aboveground part (kg·hm^-2)	氮收获指数 N harvest index (%)	氮生理效率 N physiological efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	需氮量 N requirement (kg·1000kg^-1)
区域 Region	产量等级 Yield level	品种 Cultivar	籽粒 Grain	茎叶 Straw	地上部吸氮量 N uptake in aboveground part (kg·hm^-2)	氮收获指数 N harvest index (%)	氮生理效率 N physiological efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	需氮量 N requirement (kg·1000kg^-1)
黄淮北片NHH	高产 H	邯11-5276 Han 11-5276	22.4cd	4.8ab	241a	80.4ab	36.4bc	27.6bc
		鲁原118 Luyan 118	20.7e	4.5b	221a	81.3ab	39.7a	25.4d
		中麦4072 Zhongmai 4072	21.7de	4.8ab	231a	80.5ab	37.4ab	26.9cd
		邢麦20 Xingmai 20	21.8de	4.7ab	234a	80.5ab	37.2ab	27.2cd
		均值 Mean	21.6B	4.7A	232A	80.7A	37.7A	26.8B
	对照 CK	临农12 Linnong 12	23.5bc	5.0ab	231a	80.7ab	34.3cd	29.2ab
		BY35 A19	24.1b	4.7ab	232a	82.6a	34.2cd	29.4ab
		沧麦13 Cangmai 13	23.7bc	5.2a	233a	79.1b	33.4d	30.0a
		鲁研9088 Luyan 908	25.6a	4.6ab	240a	82.7a	32.4d	30.9a
		均值 Mean	24.2A	4.9A	234A	81.3A	33.6B	29.9A
黄淮南片SHH	高产 H	濮麦168 Pumai 168	20.4Ac	4.5Aa	212Aa	82.5Aa	40.9Aa	24.9Ab
	对照 CK	华麦226 Huamai 226	22.6ab	4.4a	217a	81.8a	36.7b	27.9a
		西农615 Xinong 615	21.4bc	5.0a	216a	76.6b	36.5b	28.2a
		百农5822 Bainong 5822	23.7a	4.3a	216a	81.3a	34.8b	29.3a
		均值 Mean	22.6A	4.6A	216A	79.9A	36.0A	28.4A
长江中下游 YR	高产 H	华麦7号 Huamai 7	19.7a	4.2a	153a	81.1a	41.4a	24.5a
长江中下游 YR	对照 CK	扬麦10-120 Yangmai 10-120	18.4a	4.0a	131b	79.5a	43.9a	23.6a

区域 Region	产量等级 Yield level	品种 Cultivar	含磷量 P content (g·kg^-1)		地上部吸磷量 P uptake in aboveground part (kg·hm^-2)	磷收获指数 P harvest index (%)	磷生理效率 P physiological efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	需磷量 P requirement (kg·1000kg^-1)
区域 Region	产量等级 Yield level	品种 Cultivar	籽粒 Grain	茎叶 Straw	地上部吸磷量 P uptake in aboveground part (kg·hm^-2)	磷收获指数 P harvest index (%)	磷生理效率 P physiological efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	需磷量 P requirement (kg·1000kg^-1)
黄淮北片NHH	高产 H	邯11-5276 Han 11-5276	3.8ab	0.47abc	37.4ab	87.1b	234bc	4.3abc
		鲁原118 Luyan 118	3.2d	0.39c	31.7cd	88.8ab	278a	3.6d
		中麦4072 Zhongmai 4072	3.7bc	0.51a	36.4ab	86.8b	242bc	4.2bc
		邢麦20 Xinmai 20	4.0a	0.50ab	39.4a	87.8ab	222c	4.6a
		均值 Mean	3.7 A	0.47A	36.2A	87.6A	244A	4.2A
	对照 CK	临农12 Linmai 12	3.9ab	0.48abc	35.2b	87.9ab	227c	4.4ab
		BY35 A19	3.9ab	0.50ab	35.0bc	87.7ab	228c	4.5ab
		沧麦13 Cangmai 13	3.5cd	0.41bc	30.8d	87.5b	254b	4.0cd
		鲁研9088 Luyan 908	4.0a	0.38c	34.8bc	90.0a	225c	4.5ab
		均值 Mean	3.8A	0.44A	33.9A	88.3A	234A	4.3A
黄淮南片SHH	高产 H	濮麦168 Pumai 168	3.4Ac	0.42Ba	31.6Aa	89.2Aa	269Aa	3.8Bb
	对照 CK	华麦226 Huamai 226	4.1a	0.54a	35.7a	87.0ab	224b	4.7a
		西农615 Xinong 615	3.7b	0.53a	32.4a	84.2b	234b	4.4a
		百农5822 Bainong 5822	3.8ab	0.50a	32.7a	86.5ab	231b	4.5a
		均值 Mean	3.9A	0.52A	33.6A	85.9A	230B	4.5A
长江中下游YR	高产 H	华麦7号 Huamai 7	3.8a	0.56a	27.8a	86.1a	232b	4.4a
长江中下游YR	对照 CK	扬麦10-120 Yangmai 10-120	3.6b	0.43b	22.7b	87.3a	250a	4.1b

区域 Region	产量等级 Yield level	品种 Cultivar	含钾量 K content (g·kg^-1)		地上部吸钾量 K uptake in aboveground part (kg·hm^-2)	钾收获指数 K harvest index (%)	钾生理效率 K physiological efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	需钾量 K requirement (kg·1000kg^-1)
区域 Region	产量等级 Yield level	品种 Cultivar	籽粒 Grain	茎叶 Straw	地上部吸钾量 K uptake in aboveground part (kg·hm^-2)	钾收获指数 K harvest index (%)	钾生理效率 K physiological efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	需钾量 K requirement (kg·1000kg^-1)
黄淮北片NHH	高产 H	邯11-5276 Han 11-5276	3.4b	16.6bc	185b	16.9ab	48.8abc	21.3cd
		鲁原118 Luyan 118	3.7a	16.5bc	181bc	18.8a	49.6abc	20.8cd
		中麦4072 Zhongmai 4072	3.4bc	16.0c	175bcd	17.1ab	50.6a	20.4cd
		邢麦20 Xinmai 20	3.5b	19.9a	224a	14.0c	39.2d	26.2a
		均值 Mean	3.5A	17.2A	191A	16.7A	47.0A	22.2A
	对照 CK	临农12 Linmai 12	3.6ab	18.1ab	189b	15.8bc	44cd	23.8ab
		BY35 A19	3.4b	15.3c	164cd	17.8ab	51.3a	20.8cd
		沧麦13 Cangmai 13	3.7a	16.0c	178bcd	16.4ab	44.2bcd	22.9bc
		鲁研9088 Luyan 908	3.2c	14.8c	157d	16.4b	50.4ab	20.3d
		均值 Mean	3.5A	16.1A	172A	16.6A	47.5A	22.0A
黄淮南片SHH	高产 H	濮麦168 Pumai 168	3.7Aa	18.6Aa	189Aa	17.5Aa	47.5Aa	21.9Ab
	对照 CK	华麦226 Huamai 226	3.8a	16.5ab	179a	17.1a	44.7ab	22.9ab
		西农615 Xinong 615	3.8a	16.1b	194a	15.7a	41.2b	25.0a
		百农5822 Bainong 5822	3.8a	16.1b	180a	16.3a	42.6ab	24.2ab
		均值 Mean	3.8A	16.2B	184A	16.4A	42.8A	24.0A
长江中下游YR	高产 H	华麦7号 Huamai 7	3.6b	15.3a	127a	19.0a	53.1a	20.1a
长江中下游YR	对照 CK	扬麦10-120 Yangmai 10-120	3.9a	14.0b	112a	20.8a	53.4a	20.4a