高等级生物安全实验室在生物安全领域的作用 及其发展的思考

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.01.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物安全实验室是开展传染病防治、生物入侵等生物安全相关研究的重要场所,同时也为实验人员免受病原感染和防止病原泄露提供了重要安全保障。依据生物质的致病性、毒性大小、感染源范围、传染性、传输性、稳定性、诱导过敏性等危害程度的不同,生物安全实验室的防护等级共计分为4个等级（一级、二级、三级和四级）;其中,生物安全防护等级为三级和四级的生物安全实验室被称为高等级生物安全实验室。高等级生物安全实验室主要用于开展高致病性、传染性病原微生物相关研究,新发/突发烈性传染病诊断、监测及防治技术研发,潜在烈性传染病预防与控制技术的储备性先期研究,以及专门人才的培养培训等,其中的移动式高等级（三级）生物安全实验室还可用于应对突发生物安全威胁事件;此外,高等级生物安全实验室在美欧等国家应对突发公共卫生事件及军事研究等方面,包括“大健康”计划、生物两用技术的研究以及烈性传染病实验室应急救治专业技能培训等,发挥了战略作用。在当今传染病传入风险高发及复杂的国际背景下,高等级生物安全实验室作为传染病预防与控制以及科学研究支撑的基础设施和重要平台,在确保国家安全和社会安定等方面发挥了巨大作用,而我国在高等级生物安全实验室建设、生物安全管理、设施装备研发等方面都亟待加强。本文简略介绍了我国高等级生物安全实验室建设运行情况,就新发突发传染病疫情高发的大背景下国内外高等级生物安全实验室在生物安全领域发挥的作用进行了探讨,并对其目前运行中存在的问题及今后发展策略进行了思考。

关键词: 高等级, 生物安全实验室, 生物安全, 战略作用, 发展策略

Abstract:

Biosafety laboratory is a significant location for conducting biosafety related researches such as infectious disease prevention and control, biological invasion, and so on. At the same time, it also provides an important safety guarantee for the laboratory staff to avoid pathogen infection and prevent pathogen leakage. The biosafety laboratories are classified into four levels (including levels one, two, three, and four) of protection based on the differences of the pathogenicity, toxicity level, scope of source of infection, infectiousness, transportability, stability, and induced hypersensitivity of biomasses. The biosafety laboratories in levels three and four are also called high-level biosafety laboratories. The high-level biosafety laboratory can be used to conduct researches related to highly pathogenic and highly infectious pathogenic microorganisms, to develop rapid diagnosis and monitoring technologies, to study prevention and control techniques target to unexpected acute infectious disease, and to engage reserve researches for prevention and management of potential epidemic infection disease. Moreover, the high-level biosafety laboratory can be evolved in setting up courses for training specialized personnel. In addition, the mobile high-level (level three) biosafety laboratory can also be used for dealing with emergency biosafety threats. Furthermore, the high-level biosafety laboratory is playing a strategic role in America and Europe in combatting unexpected emergent public health events and military exploration, including “Big Health” plan, researches on Biological Dual-Use Technology, training on professional ability of emergency treatment to epidemic infectious disease. Nowadays, with the high risk of introduction of infectious diseases and complex international context, the high-level biosafety laboratory, as the infrastructure and important platform of scientific research, has been playing an important role in prevention and management of fulminating infectious diseases. However, the building, biosafety management, and equipment research and development of the high-level biosafety laboratory need to be further strengthened in China. In the present study, the building and operational conditions of the high-level biosafety laboratory in China were introduced. The roles of high-level biosafety laboratory in biosafety of national and international were discussed under the background of high incidence of new-and-outbreaks of infectious diseases. Furthermore, the problems discovered in current operation as well as the development strategies in the future were considered.

Key words: high level, biosafety laboratory, biosafety, strategic role, development tactics

刘静,李超,柳金雄,何蕊,孙燕荣. 高等级生物安全实验室在生物安全领域的作用及其发展的思考[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(1): 74-80.

Jing LIU,Chao LI,JinXiong LIU,Rui HE,YanRong SUN. The Role of High-Level Biosafety Laboratories in Biosafety and Consideration About Their Development[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(1): 74-80.

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