温度和相对湿度对山羊生长性能和血液指标的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.23.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究温度和相对湿度(RH)对山羊生长性能、尿常规、血常规和血清生理生化指标的影响,为山羊在高温高湿下的饲养、疾病诊断及制定缓解措施提供理论参考。【方法】试验采用4个温度水平(26℃、30℃、34℃和38℃)和4个RH水平(35%、50%、65%和80%)的4×4的试验设计,选取体重相近的1.5岁左右的波尔山羊与奶山羊杂交一代羊8只,随机分为2个组,每组4只羊,每只羊为1个重复。自然环境下适应期30 d,每组试验期5 d,全天24 h处理,按照处理方式在人工环境控制舱轮流进行试验。各组试验开始前后记录每只羊的体重,每天记录采食量、饮水量,各组试验第3天和第5天采集全血用于测血常规和获得血清,并检测血清生理生化指标。【结果】(1)温度和RH交互作用对山羊平均日采食量(ADFI)和平均日饮水量(ADWI)有显著影响(P<0.05),而对平均日增重(ADG)、料重比和血常规指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。38℃各处理组山羊ADG显著低于26℃和30℃各处理组(P<0.05)。38℃时山羊ADFI显著低于26℃和30℃(P<0.05)。RH为65%和80%时白细胞总数(WBC)显著低于RH为35%时(P<0.05)。(2)试验第3天,温度和RH交互作用对山羊血清钾(K)含量,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性有显著影响(P<0.05)。38℃,80%时山羊血清K含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。38℃时山羊血清葡萄糖(GLU)、球蛋白(GLO)、尿素氮(BUN)、钙(Ca)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)显著低于26℃和30℃(P<0.05)。RH为80%时山羊血清GLU、BUN显著低于RH为35%时(P<0.05)。试验第5天,温度和RH对山羊血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、GLO、BUN、Ca、磷(P)、K、钠(Na)含量和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性的影响均有显著的交互作用(P<0.05);34℃和38℃时对山羊血清GLU、氯(Cl)、ALT、AST、ALP和肌酸激酶(CK）显著低于26℃（P<0.05）;RH为60%和80%时山羊血清GLU、Cl显著低于RH为35%时（P<0.05)。(3)试验第3天和第5天,38℃,80%和38℃,65%时山羊血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的浓度显著低于26℃各处理组(P<0.05)。34℃和38℃山羊血清丙二醛(MDA)显著高于26℃(P<0.05)。(4)温度升高,ADFI、ADG及血清TP、GLO、BUN、GLU、ALT、T-AOC、SOD、CAT降低,而ADWI和血清MDA升高。RH升高,ADFI及血清GLU、Cl、T-AOC、GSH-Px降低,而血清TP、LDH、MDA升高。(5)试验第5天血清TP、ALB、GLO、BUN、GLU、TC、TG、Ca、P、ALT、AST、ALP、LDH和CK大多组低于试验第3天,而血清抗氧化指标MDA高于试验第3天,T-AOC、SOD、CAT和GSH-Px在34℃和38℃时高于第3天。【结论】温度、RH及二者交互作用不同程度地影响山羊平均日采食量、平均日饮水量、血清生化指标和抗氧化指标,高温高湿环境不利于山羊的生长性能和机体抗氧化功能,其中,温度为38℃,RH为80%时山羊受到的影响最严重。另外,随着高温高湿时间的延长,山羊表现出更强的应激反应。

关键词: 温度, 相对湿度, 山羊, 生长性能, 血清生理生化指标, 抗氧化指标

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this study was to provide a theoretical reference for breeding disease diagnosis and mitigation measures for goats under high temperature and high humidity condition. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on growth performance, routine urine, blood routine and serum biophysiological- biochemical indexes in goats. 【Method】According to 4×4 factorial design of four temperatures (26℃, 30℃, 34℃ and 38℃ ) and four RH levels (35%, 50%, 65% and 80%), eight goats of one and a half years old from first filial generation of healthy Boer goat × Sannen dairy goat with similar body weight were allotted, and randomly divided into 2 groups (each group contained four replicates with one goat per replicate). The adjustment period lasted for 30 days in the natural environment. The experiment period of every group was 5 days and was treated 24 hours a day. And the experiment was carried out by turns in artificial environment chambers according to the processing method. Every goat’s weight was recorded before and after trial begin, and feed intake and water intake were also recorded every day. On days 3 and 5, blood was drawn from the jugular vein to determine the blood routine, and the serum samples were used to determine the serum indexes. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 software.【Result】(1) The interaction of temperature and RH significantly affected average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily water intake (ADWI) (P<0.05), but no significantly affected on average daily gain (ADG), weight ratio and blood routine indexes (P>0.05). ADG of goats at every treatment group of 38℃ was significantly lower than that at every treatment group of 26℃ (P<0.05). ADFI of goats at 38℃ was significantly lower than that at 26℃ and 30℃ (P<0.05). The white blood cell counts (WBC) of goats at 65% and 80% RH were significantly lower than those at 35% RH (P<0.05). (2) On day 3, the interaction of temperature and RH significantly affected content of potassium (K), activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspertate aminotransferase (AST) in serum of goats (P<0.05). The content of K in serum of goats at 38℃ and 80% RH was significantly lower than that at other groups (P<0.05). The glucose (GLU), globulin (GLO), urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium (Ca) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum of goats at 38℃ was significantly lower than that at 26℃ and 30℃ (P<0.05). The GLU and BUN in serum of goats at 80% RH was significantly lower than that at 35% RH (P<0.05). On the day 5, the interaction of temperature and RH significantly affected content of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), GLO, BUN, Ca, K, phosphorus (P), sodium (Na) and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum of goats (P<0.05). The GLU, chlorine (Cl), ALT, AST, ALP and creatine kinase (CK) in serum of goats at 34 and 38℃ was significantly lower than that at 26℃(P<0.05). The GLU and Cl in serum of goats at 60% and 80% RH were significantly lower than those at 35% RH (P<0.05). (3) On the day 3 and 5, the concentrations of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalsae (CAT) in serum of goats at 38℃, 80% and 38℃, 65% were significantly lower than those at every group at 26℃ (P<0.05). The concentration of malonaldehyde (MDA) in serum of goats at 34 and 38℃ was significantly higher than that at 26℃ (P<0.05).(4)As the temperature rose, the ADFI, ADG, TP, GLO, BUN, GLU, ALT, T-AOC, SOD and CAT in serum were deceased, but average daily water intake and MDA in serum were risen. As the RH rose, the ADFI, GLU, Cl, T-AOC and GSH-Px in serum were deceased, but TP, LDH and MDA in serum were risen. (5) The TP, ALB, GLO, BUN, GLU, TC, TG, Ca, P, ALT, AST, ALP, LDH and CK in serum on the day 5 was lower than that on the day 3, but the MDA in serum was higher on the day 3 and T-AOC, SOD and GSH-Px in serum on day 5 in 34 and 38℃ was higher on day 3.【Conclusion】Temperature, RH and their interaction affected the average daily intake, average daily water intake, serum biochemical indicators and antioxidant indicators of goats. The high temperature and high humidity environment had adverse effects on the growth performance and antioxidation function of goats, and the effect was the most serious for the goats at 38℃ with 80% RH. Moreover, with the extended duration of higher temperature and humidity, the goats showed more extensive stress effect.

Key words: temperature, relative humidity, goats, growth performance, serum biophysiological-biochemical indicators, antioxidant indicators

李金朋,王国军,赵天,周广琛,杨雨鑫. 温度和相对湿度对山羊生长性能和血液指标的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(23): 4556-4574.

LI JinPeng,WANG GuoJun,ZHAO Tian,ZHOU GuangChen,YANG YuXin. Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Growth Performance and Blood Index of Goats[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(23): 4556-4574.

图/表 9

表1

表2

表3

温度和RH对山羊血液血常规指标的影响Ⅰ"

项目 Items		第3天 Day 3				第5天 Day 5
项目 Items		白细胞总数 WBC (10⁹·L^-1)	红细胞总数 RBC (10¹²·L^-1)	血红蛋白 Hb (g·L^-1)	红细胞压积 PCV	白细胞总数 WBC (10⁹·L^-1)	红细胞总数 RBC (10¹²·L^-1)	血红蛋白 Hb (g·L^-1)	红细胞压积 PCV
26℃	35%	24.32	2.46	73.23	0.088	22.63	2.20	67.30	0.075
	50%	25.94	2.71	77.10	0.093	22.63	2.23	71.25	0.078
	65%	18.25	2.84	82.88	0.098	19.55	2.56	77.45	0.085
	80%	19.84	2.91	84.80	0.100	18.92	2.56	73.58	0.083
30℃	35%	24.86	2.70	73.28	0.095	23.23	2.44	70.45	0.088
	50%	24.52	2.79	80.58	0.095	23.05	2.58	74.68	0.090
	65%	18.29	2.78	83.80	0.093	15.14	2.55	76.88	0.083
	80%	16.53	2.90	84.95	0.100	16.16	2.61	75.98	0.090
34℃	35%	23.12	2.68	81.60	0.090	18.60	2.41	70.85	0.083
	50%	18.24	2.89	83.43	0.100	16.43	2.52	74.50	0.088
	65%	17.07	2.90	84.28	0.095	15.33	2.51	75.25	0.085
	80%	18.74	2.83	85.33	0.098	17.44	2.64	78.28	0.085
38℃	35%	19.67	2.84	82.23	0.098	19.69	2.52	76.25	0.088
	50%	15.57	2.85	82.88	0.098	16.31	2.62	77.35	0.088
	65%	15.25	2.99	85.98	0.103	15.91	2.72	80.98	0.095
	80%	15.81	2.97	87.10	0.093	15.51	2.78	81.53	0.088
标准误SEM		0.729	0.043	1.018	0.002	0.630	0.041	1.027	0.002
温度 T (℃)	26℃	22.09a	2.73	79.50	0.094	20.93a	2.39	72.39	0.080
	30℃	21.05a	2.79	80.65	0.096	19.39ab	2.54	74.49	0.088
	34℃	19.29ab	2.82	83.66	0.096	16.95b	2.52	74.72	0.085
	38℃	16.57b	2.91	84.54	0.098	16.85b	2.66	79.03	0.089
相对湿度 RH (%)	35%	22.99a	2.67	77.58b	0.093	21.03a	2.39	71.21	0.083
	50%	21.07ab	2.81	80.99ab	0.096	19.60ab	2.49	74.44	0.086
	65%	17.21b	2.88	84.23a	0.097	16.48b	2.58	77.64	0.087
	80%	17.73b	2.90	85.54a	0.098	17.01b	2.65	77.34	0.086
P值 P vlue	温度T	0.028	0.563	0.252	0.936	0.049	0.158	0.167	0.195
	相对湿RH	0.009	0.277	0.035	0.738	0.027	0.154	0.120	0.849
	温度×相对湿度T×RH	0.802	0.993	0.980	0.936	0.802	0.992	0.999	0.959

表3

表4

温度和RH对山羊血液血常规指标的影响Ⅱ"

项目 Items		第3天 Day 3				第5天 Day 5
项目 Items		平均血红蛋白浓度 MCHC (g·L^-1)	平均血红蛋白含量 MCH (pg)	红细胞平均体积 MCV (fL)	红细胞体积分布宽度 RDW (%)	平均血红蛋白浓度 MCHC (g·L^-1)	平均血红蛋白含量 MCH (pg)	红细胞平均体积 MCV (fL)	红细胞体积分布宽度 RDW (%)
26℃	35%	870.38	30.40	34.40	12.54	902.73	30.74	34.03	12.60
	50%	835.80	29.88	34.29	12.85	944.03	32.73	34.65	12.33
	65%	856.28	29.27	34.26	12.23	883.43	30.32	34.40	12.32
	80%	849.50	29.33	34.60	12.29	889.88	30.90	34.75	12.50
30℃	35%	844.13	30.71	34.75	12.28	855.73	29.31	34.22	12.56
	50%	844.98	30.79	34.64	12.75	849.43	29.50	34.66	12.55
	65%	887.45	30.31	34.36	12.44	948.43	30.22	34.21	12.76
	80%	845.63	28.86	34.29	13.23	864.43	29.21	33.84	13.36
34℃	35%	900.35	30.93	34.39	12.66	890.85	30.16	33.85	12.87
	50%	856.13	30.21	34.14	13.51	879.33	29.75	33.92	14.45
	65%	890.90	30.02	33.89	13.90	891.18	30.31	34.15	14.24
	80%	854.80	30.65	34.31	12.73	910.68	31.26	34.29	12.61
38℃	35%	869.38	31.37	34.19	12.78	903.35	30.79	34.07	12.52
	50%	859.65	30.05	33.97	14.12	879.38	29.54	33.65	14.28
	65%	833.58	29.57	34.00	13.94	874.20	29.96	34.35	13.68
	80%	920.40	32.46	33.60	12.51	948.05	31.50	33.29	12.84
标准误 SEM		14.694	0.376	0.124	0.240	16.041	0.487	0.120	0.246
温度 T (℃)	26℃	852.99	29.72	34.38	12.48	905.01	31.17	34.46	12.43
	30℃	855.55	30.17	34.51	12.68	879.50	29.56	34.23	12.81
	34℃	875.55	30.45	34.18	13.20	893.01	30.37	34.05	13.54
	38℃	870.75	30.86	33.94	13.34	901.24	30.45	33.84	13.33
相对湿度 RH (%)	35%	871.06	30.85	34.43	12.57	888.16	30.25	34.04	12.64
	50%	849.14	30.23	34.26	13.31	888.04	30.38	34.22	13.40
	65%	867.05	29.79	34.13	13.13	899.31	30.20	34.27	13.25
	80%	867.58	30.32	34.20	12.69	903.26	30.72	34.04	12.83
P值 P value	温度T	0.952	0.799	0.475	0.604	0.960	0.775	0.372	0.443
	相对湿RH	0.965	0.840	0.876	0.715	0.986	0.987	0.877	0.711
	温度×相对湿度T×RH	0.997	0.980	0.999	0.986	0.983	0.997	0.838	0.950

表4

表5

表6

表7

温度和RH对山羊血清无机离子的影响"

项目 Items		第3天 Day 3					第5天 Day 5
项目 Items		钙Ca	磷P	钠Na	钾K	氯Cl	钙Ca	磷P	钠Na	钾K	氯Cl
26℃	35%	2.39	2.09	141.20	4.69abc	106.05	2.11ab	2.15ab	137.10bcde	4.26bcde	107.48
	50%	2.37	1.97	135.88	4.47b	102.90	1.90abc	1.67b	135.45bcdef	4.19cdef	104.90
	65%	2.36	2.51	139.80	4.54cd	104.25	2.35a	2.50a	141.28abc	4.63a	103.48
	80%	2.36	2.18	140.48	4.62bcd	106.75	2.11ab	1.83ab	145.53a	4.70a	107.20
30℃	35%	2.43	2.39	138.15	4.57bcd	105.23	1.79bc	1.68b	140.23abcd	4.42abcd	107.48
	50%	2.42	2.29	140.48	4.71abc	105.25	2.15ab	2.02ab	142.50ab	4.57ab	110.10
	65%	2.47	2.48	143.93	4.86a	105.50	1.87abc	1.80ab	134.58cdefg	4.51abc	103.68
	80%	2.37	2.04	139.78	4.46b	103.45	2.15ab	1.95ab	136.23bcdef	4.57ab	103.15
34℃	35%	2.31	2.56	140.28	4.61bcd	105.63	1.51c	1.48b	134.93cdefg	3.87f	103.53
	50%	2.41	2.33	140.80	4.60bcd	104.08	2.13ab	2.18ab	138.15bcde	4.27bcde	102.85
	65%	2.34	2.05	139.40	4.48b	103.08	1.70bc	1.46b	133.10defgh	4.24cde	102.43
	80%	2.43	2.70	139.40	4.73abc	103.00	1.95abc	2.04ab	127.35h	4.15def	100.00
38℃	35%	2.29	2.41	140.95	4.87a	106.03	1.99abc	1.93ab	131.03efgh	4.11def	103.28
	50%	2.28	2.30	140.33	4.66bcd	104.13	1.97abc	1.92ab	128.03gh	4.12def	95.63
	65%	2.29	2.34	138.95	4.76ab	103.03	1.57c	1.75b	127.10h	4.08def	95.78
	80%	2.27	1.58	136.75	3.95e	101.13	1.68bc	1.74b	129.33fgh	3.96ef	97.80
标准误SEM		0.015	0.076	0.434	0.029	0.381	0.044	0.056	0.836	0.037	0.671
温度 T (℃)	26℃	2.37a	2.19	139.34	4.58	104.99	2.12a	2.04	139.84a	4.44a	105.76a
	30℃	2.42a	2.30	140.58	4.65	104.86	1.99ab	1.86	138.38a	4.51a	106.10a
	34℃	2.37a	2.41	139.97	4.61	103.94	1.82b	1.79	133.38b	4.13b	102.20b
	38℃	2.28b	2.16	139.24	4.56	103.58	1.80b	1.83	128.87c	4.07b	98.12c
相对湿度 RH (%)	35%	2.35	2.36	140.14	4.69a	105.73	1.85	1.81	135.82	4.16b	105.44a
	50%	2.37	2.22	139.37	4.61a	104.09	2.04	1.95	136.03	4.28ab	103.37ab
	65%	2.36	2.35	140.52	4.66a	103.96	1.87	1.88	134.01	4.36a	101.34b
	80%	2.36	2.13	139.10	4.44b	103.58	1.97	1.89	134.61	4.34a	102.04b
P值 P value	温度T	0.021	0.662	0.661	0.206	0.492	0.013	0.381	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
	相对湿度RH	0.983	0.676	0.616	<0.001	0.213	0.263	0.845	0.517	0.032	0.033
	温度×相对湿度T×RH	0.895	0.500	0.147	<0.001	0.567	0.029	0.037	0.002	0.019	0.241

表7

表8

温度和RH对山羊血清酶活性的影响"

项目 Items		第3天 Day 3					第5天 Day 5
项目 Items		谷丙转氨酶 ALT	谷草转氨酶 AST	碱性磷酸酶 ALP	乳酸脱氢酶 LDH	肌酸激酶 CK	谷丙转氨酶 ALT	谷草转氨酶 AST	碱性磷酸酶 ALP	乳酸脱氢酶 LDH	肌酸激酶 CK
26℃	35%	22.93a	59.57abc	220.25	302.00	166.50	15.68	47.08	160.25	240.50bcde	159.75
	50%	22.07ab	59.83abc	202.75	272.50	156.00	15.23	41.93	160.00	226.00cde	130.75
	65%	17.65bcd	65.23a	160.50	294.25	151.25	16.30	58.30	162.75	317.75ab	188.25
	80%	17.85bcd	61.53ab	202.00	321.50	124.00	15.30	49.75	154.00	296.50abc	139.25
30℃	35%	19.78abcd	55.38abcd	211.00	283.00	153.00	12.65	37.83	140.00	196.25de	101.00
	50%	21.13abc	60.17abc	206.75	292.75	151.50	16.78	48.08	133.00	255.00bcd	140.25
	65%	15.58de	52.57bcd	200.75	329.00	135.00	12.53	44.20	126.00	248.00bcd	127.50
	80%	16.53de	61.93ab	173.00	304.50	131.75	15.73	49.80	125.25	258.75abcd	140.75
34℃	35%	18.90abcd	58.07abc	191.25	267.50	148.75	11.05	33.25	120.75	165.75e	94.00
	50%	15.30de	49.20cd	163.00	302.75	140.00	13.58	42.60	115.63	258.50abcd	142.25
	65%	17.33cde	46.83d	132.50	282.25	118.00	12.20	39.15	90.75	216.75de	98.25
	80%	18.03bcd	65.37a	125.00	270.75	150.50	14.08	43.95	89.88	209.25de	133.00
38℃	35%	18.28bcd	60.17abc	138.75	269.25	148.00	13.73	41.20	100.00	222.75cde	115.00
	50%	13.30e	58.93abc	128.50	288.25	119.00	9.03	36.70	80.50	214.25de	104.75
	65%	15.23de	52.90bcd	103.75	292.75	139.25	11.15	39.13	59.50	208.75de	130.75
	80%	15.80de	49.53cd	85.25	330.00	114.75	14.10	48.30	46.50	333.25a	140.00
标准误SEM		0.438	1.013	8.837	6.076	4.678	0.448	1.291	6.217	7.531	5.133
温度 T (℃)	26℃	20.13a	61.54a	196.38a	297.56	149.44	15.63a	49.26a	159.25a	270.19a	154.50a
	30℃	18.25ab	57.51ab	197.88a	302.31	142.81	14.42ab	44.98ab	131.06ab	239.50ab	127.38ab
	34℃	17.39bc	54.87b	152.94ab	280.81	139.31	12.73b	39.74b	104.25b	244.75ab	116.88b
	38℃	15.65c	54.38b	114.06b	295.06	130.25	12.00b	41.33b	71.63c	212.56b	122.63b
相对湿度 RH (%)	35%	19.97a	58.29	190.31	280.44	154.06	13.28	39.84	130.25	206.31c	117.44
	50%	17.95b	57.03	175.25	289.06	141.63	13.65	42.33	122.28	238.44bc	129.50
	65%	16.45b	54.38	149.38	299.56	135.88	13.04	45.19	109.75	247.81ab	136.19
	80%	17.05b	59.59	146.31	306.69	130.25	14.80	47.95	103.91	274.44a	138.25
P值 P value	温度T	<0.001	0.032	0.002	0.665	0.579	0.015	0.034	<0.001	0.014	0.039
	相对湿度RH	0.004	0.178	0.192	0.487	0.368	0.459	0.105	0.254	0.002	0.422
	温度×相对湿度T×RH	0.047	0.007	0.993	0.788	0.905	0.315	0.401	0.984	0.013	0.239

表8

表9

温度和RH对山羊血清抗氧化指标的影响"

项目 Items		第3天 Day 3					第5天 Day 5
项目 Items		丙二醛 MDA (nmol·mL^-1)	总抗氧化能力 T-AOC (U·mL^-1)	超氧化物歧化酶 SOD (U·mL^-1)	谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px (U·mL^-1)	过氧化氢酶 CAT (U·mL^-1)	丙二醛 MDA (nmol·mL^-1)	总抗氧化能力 AOC (U/mL)	超氧化物歧化酶 SOD (U·mL^-1)	谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px (U·mL^-1)	过氧化氢酶 CAT (U·mL^-1)
26℃	35%	1.33	19.48b	121.61ab	1004.04bcde	63.76bc	1.42	17.23abcd	87.83abc	957.63a	65.37ab
	50%	1.51	22.42ab	135.51a	1211.09a	54.51cd	1.65	18.08abc	97.40a	847.80ab	60.08b
	65%	1.55	24.27a	118.02b	1144.74abc	68.18b	1.72	19.07ab	92.06ab	858.51ab	63.99ab
	80%	1.60	21.26ab	81.64c	988.18cde	87.01a	1.79	18.27abc	85.52abcd	854.91ab	73.62a
30℃	35%	1.59	20.59b	66.29de	1183.51ab	52.99cd	1.71	19.46a	86.08abcd	803.58bc	65.46ab
	50%	1.61	15.75c	65.16de	970.89cdef	54.25cd	1.81	17.11abcd	85.69abcd	877.84ab	60.43b
	65%	1.62	15.08cd	71.70cd	932.32defg	89.70a	1.82	16.31abcd	85.60abcd	800.09bc	61.43ab
	80%	1.86	13.03cde	59.87def	889.14defg	82.92a	1.96	17.09abcd	84.15bcd	849.27ab	59.58b
34℃	35%	1.81	15.69c	58.21defg	1075.58abcd	53.30cd	1.82	17.52abcd	85.07abcd	787.83bc	63.62ab
	50%	1.88	12.03def	60.58def	839.94efgh	52.53cd	2.04	16.18bcd	81.78bcde	847.75ab	63.99ab
	65%	2.00	12.78cde	54.31efg	827.49efgh	53.13cd	2.08	14.71d	74.08de	905.54ab	59.97b
	80%	2.04	8.53gh	48.23fgh	791.49fgh	44.60de	2.41	15.72cd	70.75e	902.82ab	66.37ab
38℃	35%	1.93	9.23fgh	54.13efg	833.49efgh	46.92de	2.07	17.98abc	77.72cde	893.12ab	69.10ab
	50%	2.02	11.21efg	51.49efgh	817.96efgh	48.49de	2.14	18.47abc	71.37e	842.43ab	62.14ab
	65%	2.10	11.05efg	43.02gh	750.41gh	51.43d	2.42	11.63d	51.45f	848.83ab	43.01c
	80%	2.21	7.48h	37.49h	675.15h	39.17e	2.75	8.30f	40.14g	703.84c	38.90c
标准误SEM		0.057	0.681	3.733	23.298	2.029	0.060	0.409	1.995	11.313	1.358
温度 T (℃)	26℃	1.50c	21.86a	114.20a	1087.01a	68.37a	1.64c	18.17a	90.70a	879.71	65.77a
	30℃	1.67bc	16.11b	65.76b	993.97b	69.96a	1.82bc	17.49a	85.38a	832.69	61.72a
	34℃	1.93ab	12.26c	55.33c	883.62c	50.89b	2.09ab	16.04b	77.92b	860.98	63.49a
	38℃	2.07a	9.74d	46.53d	769.25d	46.50b	2.35a	14.09c	60.17c	822.06	53.29b
相对湿度 RH (%)	35%	1.67	16.25a	75.06a	1024.15a	54.24b	1.75b	18.05a	84.18a	860.54	65.89a
	50%	1.75	15.35a	78.18a	959.97ab	52.44b	1.91b	17.46a	84.06a	853.95	61.66ab
	65%	1.82	15.79a	71.76a	913.74bc	65.61a	2.01ab	15.43b	75.80b	853.24	57.10b
	80%	1.93	12.57b	56.81b	835.99c	63.43a	2.23a	14.85b	70.14c	827.71	59.62b
P值 P value	温度T	0.003	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.182	<0.001
	相对湿度RH	0.412	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.013	<0.001	<0.001	0.677	0.019
	温度×相对湿度T×RH	1.000	<0.001	0.001	0.021	<0.001	0.975	<0.001	0.001	0.014	<0.001

表9

参考文献 38

[1]	COLLIER R J, BEEDE D K, THATCHER W W, ISRAEL L A, WILCOX C J . Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production. Journal of Dairy Science, 1982,65(11):2213-2227. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82484-3 pmid: 6759540
[2]	RAVAGNOLO O, MISZTAL L, HOOGENBOOM G . Genetic component of heat stress in dairy cattle, development of heat index function. Journal of Dairy Science, 2000,83(9):2120-2125. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75094-6 pmid: 11003246
[3]	COLLIER R J, RENQUIST B J, XIAO Y . A 100-year review: Stress physiology including heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science, 2017,100(12):10367-10380. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13676 pmid: 29153170
[4]	张少帅, 李萌, 李香, 周莹, 冯京海, 张敏红 . 相对湿度和间歇性偏热处理对肉仔鸡免疫功能的影响. 动物营养学报, 2017,29(1):80-87.
	ZHANG S S, LI M, LI X, ZHOU Y, FENG J H, ZHANG M H . Effects of relative humidity and intermittent partial heat temperatures on immune functions of broilers. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2017,29(1):80-87. (in Chinese)
[5]	雷虹, 龙云, 蔡文杰, 李晟, 伍佰鑫, 李昊帮, 孙鏖, 龙梦晴 . 热应激对湘西黄牛常规血液生化指标的影响. 湖南畜牧兽医, 2016(1):38-40. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-4907.2016.01.018
	LEI H, LONG Y, CAI W J, LI S, WU B X, LI H B, SUN A, LONG M Q . Effects of heat stress on routine blood biochemical indexes of Xiangxi yellow cattle.Hunan Animal science and Veterinary Medicine, 2016(1):38-40. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-4907.2016.01.018
[6]	伍晓雄, 张雄民, 赵京杨, 杨世锦, 徐小兰 . 热应激对山羊生理生化指标的影响. 家畜生态学报, 2000,21(3):7-9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2000.03.002
	WU X X, ZHANG X M, ZHAO J Y, YANG S J, XU X L . Effects of heat stress on physiological and biochemical indexes of goats. Acta Ecologiae Animalis Domastici, 2000,21(3):7-9. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2000.03.002
[7]	DEMO M, JENTSCH W, SCHWEIGEL M, KUHLA S, METGES C C, MATTHES H D . Measurements of heat production for estimation of maintenance energy requirements of Hereford steers. Journal of Animal Science, 2005,83(11):2590-2597. doi: 10.2527/2005.83112590x
[8]	蒲启建, 王之盛, 彭全辉, 张灿, 景小平, 胡瑞, 邹华围 . 热应激对不同品种(系)青年肉牛生产性能、营养物质表观消化率及血液生化指标的影响. 动物营养学报, 2017,29(9):3120-3131.
	PU Q J, WANG Z S, PENG Q H, ZHANG C, JING X P, HU R, ZOU H W . Effects of heat stress on performance, nutrient apparent digestibility and blood biochemical indices of different breeds of young beef cattle. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2017,29(9):3120-3131. (in Chinese)
[9]	CHAIDANYA K, SOREN N M, SEJIAN V, BAGATH M, MANJUNATHAREDDY G B, KURIEN E K, VARMA G, BHATTA R . Impact of heat stress, nutritional stress and combined (heat and nutritional) stresses on rumen associated fermentation characteristics, histopathology and HSP70 gene expression in goats. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 2017,5(2):36-48. doi: 10.26667/2318-1265
[10]	马燕芬, 杜瑞平, 高民 . 热应激对奶山羊生产性能及瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013,46(21):4486-4495. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.011
	MA Y F, DU R P, GAO M . Effect of heat stress on dairy goat performance and rumen epithelial cell morphology. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013,46(21):4486-4495. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.011
[11]	MARAI I F M, EL-DARAWANY A A, FADIEL A, ABDEL-HAFEZ M A M . Physiological traits as affected by heat stress in sheep-A review. Small Ruminant Research, 2017,71(1/3):1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.10.003
[12]	GARNER J B, DOUGLAS M, WILLIAMS S R O, WALES W J, MARETT L C, DIGIACOMO K, LEURY B J, HAYE B J . Responses of dairy cows to short-term heat stress in controlled-climate chambers. Animal Production Science, 2017,57(7):1233-1241. doi: 10.1071/AN16472
[13]	BELHADJ SLIMEN I, NAJAR T, GHRAM A, ABDRRABBA M . Heat stress effects on livestock: molecular, cellular and metabolic aspects, a review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2016,100(3):401-412. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12379 pmid: 26250521
[14]	侯引绪, 张凡建, 魏朝利 . 中度热应激对荷斯坦牛部分血液生化指标的影响. 中国奶牛, 2013(1):11-13. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4264.2013.01.003
	HOU Y X, ZHANG F J, WEI C L . Effects of moderate heat stress on some blood biochemical indexes of Holstein cows.China Dairy Cattle, 2013(1):11-13. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4264.2013.01.003
[15]	顾剑 . 热应激对长毛兔生产性能及生理生化指标的影响. 现代农业科技, 2016(21):239-240.
	GU J . Effects of heat stress on production performance and physiological and biochemical indexes of angora rabbit.Modern Agricultural Sciences, 2016(21):239-240. (in Chinese)
[16]	宋小珍, 付戴波, 瞿明仁, 杨食堂, 刘道杨, 徐振松 . 热应激对肉牛血清内分泌激素含量、抗氧化酶活性及生理生化指标的影响. 动物营养学报, 2012,24(12):2485-2490. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2012.12.024
	SONG X Z, FU D B, QU M R, YANG S T, LIU D Y, XU Z S . Effects of heat stress on endocrine hormone content, antioxidant enzyme activity and physiological and serum biochemical indices of beef cattle. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2012,24(12):2485-2490. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2012.12.024
[17]	SCHARF B, CARROLL J A, RILEY D G, CHASE C C, JR., COLEMAN S W, KEISLER D H, WEABER R L, SPIERS D E . Evaluation of physiological and blood serum differences in heat-tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat-susceptible (Angus) Bos Taurus cattle during controlled heat challenge. Journal of Animal Science, 2010,88(7):2321-2336. doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2551 pmid: 20190161
[18]	KALIBER M, KOLUMAN N, SILANIKOVE N . Physiological and behavioral basis for the successful adaptation of goats to severe water restriction under hot environmental conditions. Animal, 2016,10(1):82-88. doi: 10.1017/S1751731115001652
[19]	魏学良, 张家骅, 王豪举, 晏梅, 孙凤清, 杨铭惠, 尹思明 . 高温环境对奶牛生理活动及生产性能的影响. 中国农学通报, 2005,21(5):13-15. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6850.2005.05.004
	WEI X L, ZHANG J H, WANG H J, YAN M, SUN F Q, YANG M H, YIN S M . Hot weather exercise’s effect on physiological and performance of cow. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2005,21(5):13-15. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6850.2005.05.004
[20]	SUNIL K B V, AJEET K, MEENA K . Effect of heat stress in tropical livestock and different strategies for its amelioration. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 2011,7(1):45-54.
[21]	赵宗胜, 米拉古丽, 江华, 何高明 . 冷、热应激对奶牛血液生理生化指标影响. 中国奶牛, 2011(22):18-22.
	ZHAO Z S, MI R G L, JIANG H, HE G M . Effect of cold and heat stress on the blood physiological and biochemical indexes of cows.China Dairy Cattle, 2011(22):18-22. (in Chinese)
[22]	NEJAD J G, OSKOUIAN E, KIM B-W, LEE B-H, SUNG K-I . Microbial nitrogen production, nitrogen balance and excretion of urinary purine derivatives in Corriedale ewes under water deprivation. Annals of Animal Science, 2017,17(2):517-527. doi: 10.1515/aoas-2016-0064
[23]	INBARAJ S, SEJIAN V, BAGATH M, BHATTA R . Impact of heat stress on immune responses of livestock: A review. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 2016,39(4):459-482.
[24]	RATHWA S D, VASAVA A A, PATHAN M M, MADHIRA S P, PATEL Y G, PANDE A M . Effect of season on physiological, biochemical, hormonal, and oxidative stress parameters of indigenous sheep. Veterinary World, 2017,10(6):650-654. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.650-654 pmid: 5499082
[25]	SINGH K M, SINGH S, GANGULY I, NACHIAPPAN R K, GANGULY A, VENKATARAMANAN R, CHOPRA A, NARULA H K . Association of heat stress protein 90 and 70 gene polymorphism with adaptability traits in Indian sheep (Ovis aries). Cell Stress and Chaperones, 2017,22(5):675-684. doi: 10.1007/s12192-017-0803-z pmid: 5573694
[26]	胡煜, 蔡明成, 王玲, 谭林, 毕武, 张佳卉, 左福元 . 热应激状态下牛血清生化指标、miRNA表达变化及其相关性分析. 畜牧兽医学报, 2016,47(9):1840-1847. doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2016.09.012
	HU Y, CAI M C, WANG L, TAN L, BI W, ZHANG J H, ZUO F Y . The serum biochemical indexes and miRNA expression in cattle under heat stress and their correlation analysis. Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2016,47(9):1840-1847. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2016.09.012
[27]	HRKOVIC-POROBIJA A, HODZIC A, HADZIMUSIC N . Functional liver stress in dairy sheep. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants, 2017,23(2):194-197. doi: 10.5958/0973-9718.2017.00060.5
[28]	HELAL A, HASHEM A L S, ABDEL-FATTAH M S, EL-SHAER . Effects of heat stress on coat characteristics and physiological responses of Balady and Damascus goat in Sinai Egypt. American- Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 2010,7(1):60-69.
[29]	SHARMA A K, KATARIA N . Effect of extreme hot climate on liver and serum enzymes in Marwari goats. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2011,81(3):293-295.
[30]	OCAK S, DARCAN N, ÇANKAYA S, INAL T C . Physiological and biochemical responses in German Fawn kids subjected to cooling treatments under Mediterranean climate conditions. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 2009,33(6):455-461. doi: 10.3906/vet-0708-3
[31]	HALLIWELL B, WHITEMAN M . Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean. British Journal of Pharmacology, 2004,142(2):231-255. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705776 pmid: 15155533
[32]	张轶凤, 齐智利 . 热应激条件下机体发生氧化应激的机制. 动物营养学报, 2017,29(9):3051-3058. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2017.09.005
	ZHANG Y F, QI Z L . Mechanism of oxidative stress in body under heat stress. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2017,29(9):3051-3058. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2017.09.005
[33]	GUPTA M, KUMAR S, DANGI S S, JANGIR B L . Physiological, biochemical and molecular responses to thermal stress in goats. International Journal of Livestock Research, 2013,3(2):27-38. doi: 10.5455/ijlr.
[34]	CONG X, ZHANG Q, LI H, JIANG Z, CAO R, GAO S, TIAN W . Puerarin ameliorates heat stress-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in bovine Sertoli cells by suppressing ROS production and upregulating Hsp72 expression. Theriogenology, 2017,88(1):215-227. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.033 pmid: 27771118
[35]	CHETIA M, SARMA S, NATH R, TAMULY S . Studies on the seasonal variations in the antioxidant enzymes in Indian zebu cattle. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2017,5(2):1362-1365.
[36]	李文立, 路静, 孙振钧, 姜建阳, 李方正, 任慧英 . 谷氨酰胺对热应激肉鸡抗氧化性能的影响. 动物营养学报, 2011,23(4):695-702. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2011.04.022
	LI W L, LU J, SUN Z J, JIANG J Y, LI F Z, REN H Y . Effects of glutamine on antioxidant function of broilers under heat stress. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2011,23(4):695-702. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2011.04.022
[37]	刁华杰, 冯京海, 王雪洁, 刁新平 . 日循环高温对蛋鸡抗氧化能力及免疫机能的影响. 畜牧兽医学报, 2017,48(6):1044-1053. doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2017.06.009
	DIAO H J, FENG J H, WNG X J, DIAO X P . Effect of cyclic high temperature on antioxidant capacity and immune function of laying hens. Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2017,48(6):1044-1053. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2017.06.009
[38]	KUMAR M, JINDAL R, NAYYAR S, SINGLA M . Physiological and biochemical responses in Beetal goats during summer season. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants, 2010,16(1):255-257. doi: 10.2307/2484398

项目Items		平均日采食量ADFI (g)	平均日增重ADG (g)	料重比F/G	平均日饮水量ADWI (L)
26℃	35%	1510.50a	166.00	8.18	4.38efg
	50%	1502.00a	170.00	9.40	4.00efg
	65%	1313.75ab	87.00	12.55	3.13g
	80%	1440.25a	186.00	6.41	3.53fg
30℃	35%	1519.25a	149.00	9.49	5.96bcdef
	50%	1486.75a	163.50	8.35	6.41bcde
	65%	1424.75a	156.00	7.99	4.97defg
	80%	1189.00b	63.00	12.85	4.86defg
34℃	35%	1347.00ab	145.25	9.26	7.11bcd
	50%	1169.50b	109.50	5.69	4.95defg
	65%	1143.50b	107.00	10.07	5.50cdefg
	80%	839.75c	29.00	8.96	12.59a
38℃	35%	843.00c	-151.00	-1.53	7.76bc
	50%	895.75c	166.50	9.12	8.03bc
	65%	620.00d	-221.00	-0.61	6.34bcde
	80%	127.00e	13.00	13.26	8.43b
标准误SEM		50.461	23.152	0.900	0.333
温度 T (℃)	26℃	1441.63a	152.25a	9.13	3.76c
	30℃	1404.94a	132.88a	9.67	5.55b
	34℃	1124.94b	97.69a	8.49	7.54a
	38℃	621.44c	-48.13b	5.06	7.64a
相对湿度 RH (%)	35%	1304.94a	77.31	6.35	6.30ab
	50%	1263.50a	152.38	8.14	5.85bc
	65%	1125.50b	32.25	7.50	4.98c
	80%	899.00c	72.75	10.37	7.35a
P值 P value	温度T	<0.001	0.005	0.232	<0.001
	相对湿度RH	<0.001	0.239	0.398	0.001
	温度×相对湿度T×RH	0.001	0.269	0.140	<0.001

项目Items		平均日干粪量 Facal amount (g)	平均日排尿量 Urine volume (L)	尿比重 Urine density SG	尿酸碱度 Alkalinity pH
26℃	35%	434.63	2.145	1.009	8.750ab
	50%	413.16	2.108	1.013	7.375cd
	65%	411.72	1.398	1.013	7.375cd
	80%	418.67	1.372	1.010	7.750abcd
30℃	35%	413.36	2.796	1.009	8.000abcd
	50%	403.92	3.373	1.005	8.500abc
	65%	391.17	1.962	1.015	7.125d
	80%	348.24	3.013	1.018	9.000a
34℃	35%	379.69	4.220	1.008	8.500abc
	50%	322.47	2.864	1.006	8.625abc
	65%	292.16	3.664	1.006	8.750ab
	80%	229.92	6.528	1.009	8.000abcd
38℃	35%	223.37	4.832	1.006	7.625bcd
	50%	232.70	4.892	1.003	8.375abcd
	65%	149.43	4.296	1.005	7.750abcd
	80%	64.53	6.022	1.001	5.250e
标准误SEM		14.989	0.339	0.001	0.141
温度 T (℃)	26℃	419.54a	1.756c	1.011a	7.813bc
	30℃	389.17a	2.786bc	1.012a	8.156ab
	34℃	306.06b	4.319ab	1.007ab	8.469a
	38℃	167.51c	5.011a	1.004b	7.250c
相对湿度 RH (%)	35%	362.76a	3.498	1.008	8.219a
	50%	343.06ab	3.309	1.007	8.219a
	65%	311.12b	2.830	1.010	7.750ab
	80%	265.34c	4.234	1.009	7.500b
P值 P value	温度T	<0.001	0.003	0.001	0.001
	相对湿度RH	<0.001	0.487	0.411	0.030
	温度×相对湿度T×RH	0.198	0.905	0.247	<0.001

项目 Items		第3天 Day 3			第5天 Day 5
项目 Items		总蛋白TP	白蛋白ALB	球蛋白GLO	总蛋白TP	白蛋白ALB	球蛋白GLO
26℃	35%	75.85	28.63	47.23	61.15bcd	23.55abc	37.60bcd
	50%	74.40	28.73	45.68	53.75bcd	20.68bcd	33.08bcd
	65%	80.15	26.58	49.43	82.40a	27.15a	55.25a
	80%	82.78	27.90	49.28	67.08abc	22.53abc	44.55abc
30℃	35%	75.73	28.83	46.90	47.90cd	21.30bcd	29.48cd
	50%	76.75	29.15	47.60	62.63bc	24.13ab	38.50bcd
	65%	79.83	28.65	50.08	60.58bcd	20.10bcd	40.48bc
	80%	79.05	26.68	46.30	71.08ab	23.13abc	41.18bc
34℃	35%	72.30	28.03	44.28	41.30d	16.23d	25.08d
	50%	79.10	27.30	45.50	68.33abc	22.98abc	45.35ab
	65%	73.68	27.83	42.68	50.88bcd	18.43cd	32.45bcd
	80%	78.10	30.43	47.68	56.83bcd	22.73abc	34.10bcd
38℃	35%	71.93	29.08	42.85	56.23bcd	22.93abc	33.30bcd
	50%	75.10	27.40	44.53	63.10abc	22.70abc	40.30bcd
	65%	76.68	28.30	45.08	48.40cd	18.43cd	29.98bcd
	80%	72.38	29.73	42.65	58.28bcd	20.95bcd	31.18bcd
标准误SEM		1.002	0.310	0.585	1.819	0.483	1.348
温度 T (℃)	26℃	78.29	27.96	47.90a	66.09a	23.48a	42.62a
	30℃	77.84	28.33	47.72a	60.54ab	22.16ab	37.41ab
	34℃	75.79	28.39	45.03ab	54.33b	21.25ab	34.24b
	38℃	74.02	28.63	43.78b	56.50b	20.09b	33.69b
相对湿度 RH (%)	35%	73.95	28.64	45.31	51.64b	21.00	31.36b
	50%	76.34	28.14	45.83	61.95a	22.62	39.31a
	65%	77.58	27.84	46.81	60.56a	21.03	39.54a
	80%	78.08	28.68	46.48	63.31a	22.33	37.75ab
P值 P value	温度T	0.465	0.907	0.037	0.047	0.041	0.030
	相对湿度RH	0.524	0.758	0.803	0.041	0.379	0.047
	温度×相对湿度T×RH	0.933	0.535	0.775	0.015	0.011	0.019