分层施氮肥改善土壤氮组分提高玉米氮素利用和产量

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.21.012

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (21): 4865-4881.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.21.012

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

分层施氮肥改善土壤氮组分提高玉米氮素利用和产量

王宾¹^,²(), 王艳群¹, 付鑫¹(), 门杰¹, 王洋¹, 宁鹏³, 彭正萍¹^,²()

¹ 华北作物改良与调控国家重点实验室，河北保定 071001
² 河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院/河北省农田生态环境重点实验室，河北保定 071001
³ 中国农业大学资源与环境学院，北京 100193

收稿日期:2026-04-16 接受日期:2026-06-16 出版日期:2026-11-01 发布日期:2026-11-06
通信作者:
彭正萍，E-mail：pengzhengping@sina.com。
付鑫，E-mail：1003935336@qq.com
联系方式: 王宾，E-mail：1913114553@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD2301500)

Layered Nitrogen Fertilization Improves Soil Nitrogen Fractions and Enhances Nitrogen Utilization and Yield in Maize

WANG Bin¹^,²(), WANG YanQun¹, FU Xin¹(), MEN Jie¹, WANG Yang¹, NING Peng³, PENG ZhengPing¹^,²()

¹ National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Regulation in North China, Baoding 071001, Hebei
² College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Environment of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, Hebei
³ College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193

Received:2026-04-16 Accepted:2026-06-16 Published:2026-11-01 Online:2026-11-06

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】为确定夏玉米高产高效氮肥施用深度及比例，揭示其氮素高效利用机制。【方法】通过两年田间微区和一年机械化大区试验，以夏玉米为供试作物，微区条件下设置6个处理：不施氮肥（N_0﹕0）;只在0—20 cm土层施氮肥（N_1﹕0）；0—20 和20—40 cm土层均施氮肥，且两土层施氮比例分别为4﹕1（N_4﹕1）、3﹕2（N_3﹕2）、2﹕3（N_2﹕3）和1﹕4（N_1﹕4）。综合分析玉米关键生育阶段土壤氮组分、微生物群落结构、植株干物质与氮素累积、氮素回收率及产量，确定优势处理为N_4﹕1和N_3﹕2；进一步采用田间机械化大区试验，设置N_4﹕1、N_3﹕2、N_1﹕0与N_0﹕0处理，验证优势处理的氮肥效率及产量。【结果】（1）与N_1﹕0比，分层施氮肥提高玉米地上部干物质与氮素积累量，优化同化产物向籽粒分配，N_3﹕2处理最优。（2）分层施氮肥有效促进20—40 cm土层的氮素供应，提高该层土壤全氮、无机氮、颗粒有机氮和微生物量氮含量，N_3﹕2处理可在保持表层土壤养分含量不降低的同时，增强深层土壤氮素的稳定性。（3）分层施氮肥改变土壤微生物群落结构，N_3﹕2处理提高真菌群落物种丰富度，促进有益菌门（如被孢霉门、担子菌门）相对丰度。N_3﹕2处理在保证表层土壤酶活性不降低的前提下，20—40 cm土层脲酶、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性分别提高10.6%—33.4%、2.1%—34.6%。（4）两年田间微区的N_3﹕2处理平均产量、百粒重及穗粒数分别较N_1﹕0提高6.6%、14.4%、7.6%，氮素回收率、农学效率、偏生产力及累积利用率显著提升。机械化大区试验N_3﹕2较N_1﹕0处理显著增产与增效。【结论】N_3﹕2处理（0—20与20—40 cm分层施氮肥且比例为3﹕2）有效协调土壤供氮与作物需氮，改善土壤微生物环境，显著提高植株干物质与氮素积累，实现增产增效双赢。

关键词: 分层施氮, 玉米, 产量, 氮素利用, 微生物群落结构, 土壤氮组分

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to determine the optimal application depth and ratio of nitrogen fertilizer for high-yield and high-efficiency summer maize, and to reveal the mechanism of efficient nitrogen utilization. 【Method】 Two-year field micro-plot experiment and a one-year mechanized large-plot experiment were conducted using summer maize as the test crop. Under micro-plot conditions, six treatments were established: no nitrogen application (N_0:0), single-layer nitrogen application was applied only to the 0-20 cm soil layer (N_1:0), dual-layer nitrogen application was applied to both the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers at four application ratios between the two layers: 4:1 (N_4:1), 3:2 (N_3:2), 2:3 (N_2:3), and 1:4 (N_1:4). Comprehensive analyses were conducted on soil nitrogen fractions, microbial community structure, plant dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen recovery rate, and yield during key growth stages of maize, and the optimal treatments were identified as N_4:1 and N_3:2. Subsequently, a mechanized large-plot experiment was carried out with N_4:1, N_3:2, N_1:0, and N_0:0 treatments to verify the nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and yield of the optimal treatments. 【Result】 (1) Compared with the N_1:0 treatment, layered nitrogen fertilization increased aboveground dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in maize, and optimized the distribution of assimilates to grains, with the N_3:2 treatment performing the best. (2) Layered nitrogen fertilization effectively promoted nitrogen supply in the 20-40 cm soil layer by increasing the content of total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, particulate organic nitrogen, and microbial biomass nitrogen in this layer. The N_3:2 treatment could enhance the stability of nitrogen in deeper soil layers while maintaining the nutrient content of the surface soil without reduction. (3) Layered nitrogen fertilization altered the soil microbial community structure; the N_3:2 treatment increased the species richness of the fungal community and promoted the relative abundance of beneficial fungal phyla (e.g., Mortierellomycota, Basidiomycota). Under the N_3:2 treatment, while ensuring no reduction in surface soil enzyme activity, the activities of urease and N‑acetylglucosaminidase in the 20-40 cm soil layer increased by 10.6%-33.4% and 2.1%-34.6%, respectively. (4) Over the two-year field micro-plot experiment, the N_3:2 treatment significantly increased average yield, 100‑grain weight, and number of grains per spike by 6.6%, 14.4%, and 7.6%, respectively, compared with the N_1:0 treatment, and significantly improved nitrogen recovery rate, agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity and cumulative utilization rate. In the mechanized large-plot experiment, the N_3:2 treatment achieved significantly higher yield and efficiency than that under N1:0 treatment. 【Conclusion】The N_3:2 treatment (layered nitrogen application at 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layer with a ratio of 3:2) effectively coordinated soil nitrogen supply with crop nitrogen demand, improved the soil microbial environment, significantly enhanced plant dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, and achieved a win‑win outcome of high yield and high efficiency.

Key words: layered nitrogen fertilization, maize, yield, nitrogen utilization, microbial community structure, soil nitrogen fractions

王宾, 王艳群, 付鑫, 门杰, 王洋, 宁鹏, 彭正萍. 分层施氮肥改善土壤氮组分提高玉米氮素利用和产量[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(21): 4865-4881.

WANG Bin, WANG YanQun, FU Xin, MEN Jie, WANG Yang, NING Peng, PENG ZhengPing. Layered Nitrogen Fertilization Improves Soil Nitrogen Fractions and Enhances Nitrogen Utilization and Yield in Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(21): 4865-4881.

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试验 Trial	土层 Soil layer (cm)	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
田间微区 Field micro-plot	0-20	7.69	18.75	1.18	6.07	8.23	8.77	66.18
田间微区 Field micro-plot	20-40	7.43	9.22	0.86	3.88	4.62	3.68	49.30
机械化大区 Mechanized large-plot	0-20	7.47	15.08	1.14	7.48	11.16	10.66	84.04
机械化大区 Mechanized large-plot	20-40	7.25	6.80	0.82	6.05	7.02	6.85	65.32

年份Year	处理Treatment	穗粒数Grains per spike	百粒重Hundred kernels weight (g)	产量Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2023	N_0:0	441.6±30.3b	27.4±0.5d	8974.4±126.8c
	N_1:0	469.7±27.6ab	28.4±0.1c	10364.5±418.4b
	N_4:1	505.2±32.4a	31.9±0.5a	10925.8±135.9a
	N_3:2	512.4±16.7a	32.2±0.5a	10949.2±101.2a
	N_2:3	490.1±25.3ab	30.2±0.2b	10676.0±404.9ab
	N_1:4	491.4±39.0ab	29.7±0.7b	10566.1±225.6ab
2024	N_0:0	518.7±19.8c	27.6±3.3a	9275.0±68.6c
	N_1:0	574.8±17.5ab	28.4±0.9a	10479.6±568.8b
	N_4:1	577.4±15.4ab	32.2±1.7a	11249.8±391.6a
	N_3:2	611.7±26.9a	32.8±3.1a	11267.6±215.7a
	N_2:3	567.7±24.9b	31.3±3.3a	10731.5±130.7ab
	N_1:4	555.2±15.3b	29.5±2.8a	10701.8±433.6ab
平均 Average	N_0:0	480.2±5.3c	27.5±1.5d	9124.7±51.6c
	N_1:0	522.3±8.7b	28.4±0.5bcd	10422.1±382.0b
	N_4:1	541.3±21.8ab	32.0±0.7ab	11086.0±133.4a
	N_3:2	562.0±19.0a	32.5±1.9a	11108.4±144.9a
	N_2:3	528.9±12.1b	30.8±1.6abc	10703.8±163.0ab
	N_1:4	523.3±26.9b	29.6±1.5cd	10633.8±315.4b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	氮素回收率 N recovery efficiency (%)	氮肥农学效率 N agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥偏生产力 N partial factor productivity (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥累积利用率 Cumulative N recovery efficiency (%)
2023	N_1:0	26.0±4.4bc	4.9±1.8b	46.1±1.8b	—
	N_4:1	34.6±12.9ab	7.3±0.6ab	48.6±0.6ab	—
	N_3:2	37.3±10.2a	7.4±0.5a	48.7±0.5a	—
	N_2:3	33.6±3.7bc	6.2±1.8ab	47.5±1.8ab	—
	N_1:4	21.9±5.9d	5.7±1.0ab	47.0±1.0ab	—
2024	N_1:0	30.13±5.4ab	6.7±2.5b	46.6±2.5b	27.2±0.04cd
	N_4:1	37.5±1.2a	10.1±1.7a	50.2±1.7a	37.3±0.03ab
	N_3:2	39.3±3.3a	10.2±1.0a	50.1±1.0a	43.9±0.06a
	N_2:3	38.6±8.5a	7.8±0.6ab	47.7±0.6ab	33.0±0.02bc
	N_1:4	25.0±9.0b	7.7±1.9ab	47.6±1.9ab	24.2±0.05e
平均 Average	N_1:0	29.6±2.0ab	5.8±1.7b	46.4±1.7b	—
	N_4:1	33.9±6.8ab	8.7±0.6a	49.3±0.6a	—
	N_3:2	38.3±6.6a	8.8±0.6a	49.4±0.6a	—
	N_2:3	33.7±3.1ab	7.0±0.7ab	47.6±0.7ab	—
	N_1:4	24.3±9.0b	6.7±1.4ab	47.3±1.4ab	—

处理 Treatment	细菌 Bacteria				真菌 Fungi
处理 Treatment	Sobs 指数 Sobs index	Shannon 指数 Shannon index	ACE 指数 ACE index	Chao 1 指数 Chao 1 index	Sobs 指数 Sobs index	Shannon 指数 Shannon index	ACE 指数 ACE index	Chao 1 指数 Chao 1 index
N_0:0	3964a	7.0a	5239a	5147a	434.7a	3.9ab	465.6ab	468.9a
N_1:0	3928a	6.9a	5155a	5022a	443.3a	4.1a	467.8ab	470.8a
N_4:1	3759a	6.8a	4940a	4833a	364.0b	3.6b	396.5b	394.0b
N_3:2	3901a	6.9a	5123a	5000a	469.3a	4.0ab	520.2a	523.9a
N_2:3	3925a	6.9a	5178a	5138a	428.0ab	3.8ab	461.7ab	471.0a
N_1:4	3835a	6.8a	5107a	5014a	429.3ab	4.0ab	458.3ab	463.9a

处理Treatment	Y1	Y2	Y3	得分Score	排名Ranking
N_0:0	-1.04	0.16	-0.04	-0.91	6
N_1:0	0.04	-0.09	0.15	0.10	4
N_4:1	0.27	0.11	0.26	0.64	2
N_3:2	0.44	0.08	0.17	0.69	1
N_2:3	0.28	0.23	-0.10	0.41	3
N_1:4	0.01	-0.15	0.08	-0.06	5

分层施氮肥改善土壤氮组分提高玉米氮素利用和产量

Layered Nitrogen Fertilization Improves Soil Nitrogen Fractions and Enhances Nitrogen Utilization and Yield in Maize

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处理 Treatment	穗粒数 Grains per spike	百粒重 Hundred kernels weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥农学效率 N agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥偏生产力 N partial factor productivity（kg·kg^-1）
N_0:0	440.7±5.8b	22.7±2.2b	8163.0±626.1c	—	—
N_1:0	465.1±20.9b	22.6±1.9b	9633.5±336.2b	7.3±1.8b	41.0±1.5b
N_4:1	543.8±28.4a	31.7±1.4a	10622.2±194.7ab	10.3±1.1ab	47.2±1.1ab
N_3:2	550.7±10.8a	33.4±1.8a	10755.5±572.1a	10.9±3.1a	47.8±3.1a

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