长期施用生物炭对瘠薄旱地农田固碳减排及作物生产的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.19.006

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (19): 4263-4276.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.19.006

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

长期施用生物炭对瘠薄旱地农田固碳减排及作物生产的影响

段旭坤¹(), 魏禾雅¹, 李建政²(), 田峪萍¹, 王立刚¹()

¹ 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室，北京 100081
² 中国农业科学院农业信息研究所，北京 100081

收稿日期:2025-11-20 接受日期:2026-01-18 出版日期:2026-10-01 发布日期:2026-10-10
通信作者:
王立刚，E-mail：wangligang@caas.cn。
李建政，E-mail：lijianzheng@caas.cn
联系方式: 段旭坤，E-mail：2524822438@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1901600); 中国农业科学院科技创新工程基础科学研究中心(CAAS-CSGLCA-202402); 现代农业产业技术体系北京市创新团队(BAIC08-2026-DT01)

Effects of Long-term Biochar Application on Carbon Sequestration, Emission Reduction and Crop Production in Barren Rainfed Farmland

DUAN XuKun¹(), WEI HeYa¹, LI JianZheng²(), TIAN YuPing¹, WANG LiGang¹()

¹ Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing 100081
² Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081

Received:2025-11-20 Accepted:2026-01-18 Published:2026-10-01 Online:2026-10-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】瘠薄旱地农田中长期施用生物炭的效应尚不明确，本研究旨在通过长期定位试验定量分析氮肥减施条件下生物炭施用对黄淮海区域瘠薄农田固碳减排和作物生产的影响，为该区域同类型中低产田生物炭施用提供优化方案与科学依据。【方法】依托于农业农村部燕山生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站，在瘠薄农田开展了10年长期定位试验，设置农民常规施氮（N）、减施40%氮肥（RN）、减氮+每年施用低量生物炭（RNC1）及减氮+每5年施用高量生物炭（RNC5）4个处理，测定土壤有机碳含量及N₂O排放通量，并结合土壤理化性状及作物产量等指标综合评价不同生物炭施用处理对瘠薄旱地固碳减排效应及作物生产的影响。【结果】与RN处理相比，RNC1处理显著提高土壤的速效养分水平，有效磷和速效钾分别提高28.5%和7.9%；而RNC5处理更侧重于土壤氮素固持，表层和深层土壤的全氮含量分别显著提高7.4%和13.5%，深层土壤的碱解氮含量显著提高10.3%。施用生物炭显著增加了土壤有机碳储量并改善了土壤碳组分，与N处理相比，RNC1与RNC5处理土壤有机碳储量分别提高了34.8%与38.6%，其中颗粒态有机碳含量分别提高了19.5%和20.5%，矿物结合态有机碳含量分别提高了78.3%和88.9%。减氮配施生物炭还减少了N₂O排放，与RNC1处理相比，RNC5处理N₂O累计排放量减少了13.0%，表明每隔数年施用一次生物炭能够有效发挥其土壤改良的特性并更有利于农业生态系统固碳减排。【结论】施用生物炭能够大幅提高土壤碳储量、减少温室气体排放、并改善土壤养分环境，其中每5年施用3.85 t生物炭还能够兼顾瘠薄农田固碳与作物产量的稳定性，可作为黄淮海区域瘠薄农田绿色低碳发展策略。

关键词: 中低产田, 固碳减排, 碳组分, 固碳速率, 生物炭, 春玉米

Abstract:

【Objective】Effects of long-term biochar application in barren rainfed farmland remain unclear. This study aimed to quantitatively analyze the impacts of biochar application under reduced nitrogen fertilization on carbon sequestration, emission reduction, and crop production in barren farmland within the Huang-Huai-Hai region through a long-term field experiment. The goal was to provide optimized strategies and scientific evidence for biochar application technology in similar low- to medium-yield fields in the region.【Method】Based on a 10-year long-term field experiment at the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Field Scientific Observation Station for Eco-Environment in Yanshan, four treatments were established in barren farmland: conventional farmer nitrogen application (N), reduced nitrogen fertilization by 40% (RN), reduced nitrogen + annual low-rate biochar application (RNC1), and reduced nitrogen + high-rate biochar application every five years (RNC5). Soil organic carbon content and N₂O emission flux were measured, and these indicators were combined with soil physicochemical properties and crop yield to comprehensively evaluate the effects of different biochar application treatments on carbon sequestration, emission reduction, and crop production in barren rainfed farmland.【Result】Compared with the RN treatment, the RNC1 treatment significantly increased soil available nutrients, with available phosphorus and available potassium increasing by 28.5% and 7.9%, respectively. In contrast, the RNC5 treatment focused more on soil nitrogen retention, significantly increasing total nitrogen in surface and deep soil layers by 7.4% and 13.5%, respectively, and significantly increasing alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen in deep soil by 10.3%. Biochar application significantly enhanced soil organic carbon storage and improved soil carbon fractions. Compared with the N treatment, soil organic carbon storage under RNC1 and RNC5 increased by 34.8% and 38.6%, respectively, and particulate organic carbon content increased by 19.5% and 20.5%, while mineral-associated organic carbon content increased by 78.3% and 88.9%, respectively. Combining reduced nitrogen with biochar application also reduced N₂O emissions. The cumulative N₂O emissions under RNC5 were 13.0% lower than those under RNC1, indicating that applying biochar every few years could effectively leverage its soil amendment properties, which was more beneficial for carbon sequestration and emission reduction in agricultural ecosystems.【Conclusion】Biochar application could substantially enhance soil carbon storage, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve the soil nutrient environment. Applying 3.85 t of biochar every five years could balance carbon sequestration and crop yield stability in barren farmland. This approach could serve as an effective strategy for green and low-carbon agricultural development in barren farmland within the Huang-Huai-Hai region.

Key words: medium- and low- yield fields, carbon sequestration and emission reduction, carbon components, carbon sequestration rate, biochar, spring maize

段旭坤, 魏禾雅, 李建政, 田峪萍, 王立刚. 长期施用生物炭对瘠薄旱地农田固碳减排及作物生产的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(19): 4263-4276.

DUAN XuKun, WEI HeYa, LI JianZheng, TIAN YuPing, WANG LiGang. Effects of Long-term Biochar Application on Carbon Sequestration, Emission Reduction and Crop Production in Barren Rainfed Farmland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(19): 4263-4276.

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处理 Treatment	可溶性有机碳 Dissolved organic carbon (mg·kg^-1)	微生物量碳 Microbial biomass carbon (g·kg^-1)	颗粒有机碳 Particulate organic carbon (g·kg^-1)	矿物结合态有机碳 Mineral-associated organic carbon (g·kg^-1)
N	57.86±3.21b	66.67±0.86b	3.47±0.26b	3.10±0.03c
RN	46.56±0.76c	78.18±2.81a	2.65±0.26c	4.10±0.12b
RNC1	62.77±2.02a	65.25±4.24b	4.15±0.16a	5.52±0.46a
RNC5	56.78±2.62b	63.73±4.00b	4.19±0.47a	5.85±0.66a

长期施用生物炭对瘠薄旱地农田固碳减排及作物生产的影响

Effects of Long-term Biochar Application on Carbon Sequestration, Emission Reduction and Crop Production in Barren Rainfed Farmland

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处理 Treatment	氮肥 N (kg·hm^-2)	磷肥 P₂O₅(kg·hm^-2)	钾肥 KCl (kg·hm^-2)	生物炭 Biochar
N	180	75	75	0
RN	108	75	75	0
RNC1	108	75	75	0.77 t·hm^-2 per year
RNC5	108	75	75	3.85 t·hm^-2 in 5 years

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