减氮下间作玉米干物质积累及产量稳定性对施用生物炭的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.15.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】在西北干旱灌区，作物种植模式单一、氮肥依赖程度高以及缺乏对耕地的有效保护，造成耕地质量受损、农田生产力降低，严重限制了作物产量提升和可持续生产。本研究将间作豆科作物、减氮与生物炭施用相结合，探究三者协同对玉米干物质积累分配特征、玉米产量及其稳定性的影响，旨在为该区域构建绿色高效的玉米可持续生产模式提供理论依据与技术支撑。【方法】试验于2022—2024年在甘肃农业大学绿洲农业综合试验站进行。试验采用裂区设计，主区为种植模式（玉米ǁ鲜食豌豆，IM；单作玉米，SM），裂区为施氮水平（传统施氮量，N₁，360 kg·hm^-2；减氮30%，N₂，250 kg·hm^-2），裂裂区为生物炭处理（施用生物炭，C,15 t·hm^-2；不施用生物炭，B），系统测定玉米干物质积累与分配、产量及其稳定性等指标。【结果】与单作相比，间作模式显著提高了玉米籽粒产量、干物质积累量及产量稳定性。减氮30%显著降低了玉米干物质积累量、最大增长速率、穗部干物质分配比率及籽粒产量，但施用生物炭有效缓解了这些负面效应，施用生物炭使玉米ǁ鲜食豌豆和单作玉米地上部干物质最大增长速率分别增加6.7%—33.7%和9.4%—24.1%。在间作条件下，减氮30%及施用生物炭处理（IMN₂C）的籽粒产量、干物质积累动态及产量稳定性均与全量施氮处理（IMN₁C）无显著差异，并显著优于其他处理组合，较单作玉米传统施氮不施生物炭处理（SMN₁B）籽粒产量提高17.0%—19.2%。其作用机理主要在于生物炭通过提升土壤有机碳和全氮含量促进了玉米根系生长，并优化了根冠比，保障了玉米在全生育期内干物质的高效积累，特别是在关键灌浆期维持了较高的物质增长速率，并促进干物质向穗部的优先分配。【结论】在西北干旱灌区，玉米ǁ鲜食豌豆及施用生物炭可在减少氮肥投入30%的同时，通过改善土壤肥力促进玉米根系发育与优化干物质分配，有效保障玉米产量与产量稳定性，是实现该区域玉米生产化肥减量与稳产协同推进的可行农艺措施。

关键词: 间作玉米, 氮肥减量, 生物炭, 产量, 产量稳定性

Abstract:

【Objective】In the arid irrigated areas of northwest China, monoculture cropping systems, high dependence on nitrogen fertilizer, and inadequate farmland protection have led to degraded soil quality and reduced farmland productivity, severely constraining crop yield improvement and sustainable production. This study integrated intercropping with leguminous crop, nitrogen reduction, and biochar application to investigate their synergistic effects on maize dry matter accumulation and distribution characteristics, maize yield, and yield stability, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for establishing a green and efficient sustainable maize production model in this region.【Method】The experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2024 at the Oasis Agriculture Comprehensive Experimental Station of Gansu Agricultural University. A split-split-plot field experiment was employed, with the main plots assigned to cropping patterns (maize ǁ fresh-edible pea, IM; sole maize, SM), the subplots to nitrogen application levels (conventional rate N₁, 360 kg·hm^-2; reduced nitrogen by 30% N₂, 250 kg·hm^-2), and the sub-subplots to biochar treatments (application, C, 15 t·hm^-2; no application, B). Indicators including maize dry matter accumulation and distribution, grain yield, and yield stability were systematically measured.【Result】Compared with monocropping, the intercropping pattern significantly increased maize grain yield, dry matter accumulation, and yield stability. Reducing nitrogen by 30% significantly decreased maize dry matter accumulation, maximum growth rate, ear dry matter allocation ratio, and grain yield, but biochar application effectively mitigated these negative effects. Biochar increased the maximum aboveground dry matter growth rate by 6.7%-33.7% for maize ǁ fresh-edible pea and by 9.4%-24.1% for sole maize, respectively. Under intercropping conditions, the treatment with 30% nitrogen reduction combined with biochar application (IMN₂C) showed no significant differences in grain yield, dry matter accumulation dynamics, and yield stability compared to the full nitrogen rate treatment (IMN₁C) and was significantly superior to other treatment combinations, and compared to the conventional nitrogen application without biochar in monocropped maize (SMN₁B), this treatment increased grain yield by 17.0%-19.2%. The underlying mechanism primarily involved biochar promoting maize root growth by increasing soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content, optimizing the root-to-shoot ratio, thereby ensuring efficient dry matter accumulation throughout the entire growth period. Particularly during the critical grain-filling stage, it maintained a high growth rate and promoted the preferential allocation of dry matter to the ears.【Conclusion】In the arid irrigated areas of northwest China, the integration of maize fresh-edible pea intercropping and biochar application, along with a 30% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer input, can effectively maintain maize yield and yield stability by improving soil fertility, promoting root development, and optimizing dry matter partitioning. This approach represents a feasible agronomic strategy for achieving synergistic reduction of chemical nitrogen fertilizer use and stable maize production in the region.

Key words: intercropped maize, nitrogen reduction, biochar, yield, yield stability

王晓丽, 樊志龙, 南运有, 陈桂平, 江龙秀, 殷文, 胡发龙, 柴强. 减氮下间作玉米干物质积累及产量稳定性对施用生物炭的响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(15): 3302-3314.

WANG XiaoLi, FAN ZhiLong, NAN YunYou, CHEN GuiPing, JIANG LongXiu, YIN Wen, HU FaLong, CHAI Qiang. Response of Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield Stability in Intercropped Maize to Biochar Application Under Nitrogen Reduction[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(15): 3302-3314.

图/表 10

图1

表1

图2

图3

表2

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

参考文献 31

[1]	Hasegawa T, Sakurai G, Fujimori S, Takahashi K, Hijioka Y, Masui T. Extreme climate events increase risk of global food insecurity and adaptation needs[J]. Nature Food, 2021, 2(8): 587-595.
[2]	Cheng P, Zhang Y, Liu K, Kong X S, Wu S M, Yan H F, Jiang P. Continuing the continuous harvests of food production: From the perspective of the interrelationships among cultivated land quantity, quality, and grain yield[J]. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 2025, 12: 46.
[3]	Zhao Y L, Guo S H, Zhu X Q, Zhang L, Long Y, Wan X Y, Wei X. How maize-legume intercropping and rotation contribute to food security and environmental sustainability[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 434: 140150.
[4]	李晓红, 王克如, 张国强, 明博, 薛军, 方梁, 张婷婷, 叶建全, 李少昆. 增密和株行距优化提高西辽河平原沙地滴灌玉米的产量与水氮利用效率[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(14): 2766-2781. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.005.
	Li X H, Wang K R, Zhang G Q, Ming B, Xue J, Fang L, Zhang T T, Ye J Q, Li S K. Increasing planting density and optimizing plant row spacing to improve yield water and nitrogen use efficiency of drip-irrigated maize in sandy areas of the xiliaohe plain[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(14): 2766-2781. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.005.(in Chinese)
[5]	Zhang C, Rees R M, Ju X T. Cropping system design can improve nitrogen use efficiency in intensively managed agriculture[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2021, 280: 116967.
[6]	Gui D Y, Zhang Y Y, Lv J Y, Guo J Y, Sha Z P. Effects of intercropping on soil greenhouse gas emissions-A global meta- analysis[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2024, 918: 170632.
[7]	Yang X L, Xiong J R, Du T S, Ju X T, Gan Y T, Li S E, Xia L L, Shen Y J, Pacenka S, Steenhuis T S, Siddique K H M, Kang S Z, Butterbach-Bahl K. Diversifying crop rotation increases food production, reduces net greenhouse gas emissions and improves soil health[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 198.
[8]	王鹏飞, 于爱忠, 王凤, 王玉珑, 吕汉强, 尚永盼, 尹波, 刘亚龙, 张冬玲, 霍建喆, 姜科强, 庞小能. 干旱地区绿肥还田条件下减氮对玉米农艺性状、产量及籽粒品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(13): 2552-2563. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.13.005.
	Wang P F, Yu A Z, Wang F, Wang Y L, Lü H Q, Shang Y P, Yin B, Liu Y L, Zhang D L, Huo J Z, Jiang K Q, Pang X N. Effects of reducing nitrogen application on maize agronomic traits, grain yield and quality under green manure returning to field system in arid areas[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(13): 2552-2563. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.13.005.(in Chinese)
[9]	Meng W S, An N, Guan S, Dou S, Zhang B W, Zhu W J, Yue J H. Unraveling mechanisms of carbon enrichment via straw and biochar application to enhance soil fertility and improve maize yield[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2025, 169: 127673.
[10]	Yu R P, Yang H, Xing Y, Zhang W P, Lambers H, Li L. Belowground processes and sustainability in agroecosystems with intercropping[J]. Plant and Soil, 2022, 476(1): 263-288.
[11]	Jing B, Shi W J, Chen T, Zhai Z M, Song J W. Optimizing root distribution and water use efficiency in maize/soybean intercropping under different irrigation levels: The role of underground interactions[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2025, 249: 106490.
[12]	Gao H X, Zhang C C, Van der Werf W, Ning P, Zhang Z, Zhang F S. Intercropping modulates the accumulation and translocation of dry matter and nitrogen in maize and peanut[J]. Field Crops Research, 2022, 284: 108561.
[13]	付浩川, 李成, 李贺男, 张浩磊, 温家宣, 方妍欣, 李想, 李锦朝, 董勤各, 冯浩. 不同禾豆间作模式对作物产量及水氮利用的影响[J]. 干旱地区农业研究, 2025, 43(3): 200-209.
	Fu H C, Li C, Li H N, Zhang H L, Wen J X, Fang Y X, Li X, Li J Z, Dong Q G, Feng H. Effects of different cereal-legume intercropping systems on crop yield, water usage, and nitrogen utilization[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2025, 43(3): 200-209.(in Chinese)
[14]	韩笑晨, 张贵芹, 王亚辉, 任昊, 王洪章, 刘国利, 林佃旭, 王子强, 张吉旺, 赵斌, 任佰朝, 刘鹏. 土壤调理剂对滨海盐碱地土壤盐分含量及夏玉米产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(7): 1776-1786.
	Han X C, Zhang G Q, Wang Y H, Ren H, Wang H Z, Liu G L, Lin D X, Wang Z Q, Zhang J W, Zhao B, Ren B Z, Liu P. Effects of soil conditioners on soil salinity content and maize yield in coastal saline-alkali land[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(7): 1776-1786.(in Chinese)
[15]	Omokaro G O, Kornev K P, Nafula Z S, Chikukula A A, Osayogie O G, Efeni O S. Biochar for sustainable soil management: Enhancing soil fertility, plant growth and climate resilience[J]. Farming System, 2025, 3(4): 100167.
[16]	Chen Z, Jin P H, Liu Q, Zhang Y H, Hu T L, Wang H, Zhou R, Zhang J R, Lin X W, Xie Z B. Decade-long successive biochar amendment enhances wheat production and increases crop system resistance to unfavorable meteorological factors[J]. Field Crops Research, 2025, 322: 109743.
[17]	柴强, 胡发龙, 陈桂平. 禾豆间作氮素高效利用机理及农艺调控途径研究进展[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2017, 25(1): 19-26.
	Chai Q, Hu F L, Chen G P. Research advance in the mechanism and agronomic regulation of high-efficient use of nitrogen in cereal-legume intercropping[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017, 25(1): 19-26.(in Chinese)
[18]	尚永盼, 于爱忠, 王玉珑, 王鹏飞, 李悦, 柴健, 吕汉强, 杨学慧, 王凤. 绿洲灌区绿肥还田利用方式对玉米干物质积累、分配及产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(3): 686-694.
	Shang Y P, Yu A Z, Wang Y L, Wang P F, Li Y, Chai J, Lü H Q, Yang X H, Wang F. Effects of green manure application methods on dry matter accumulation, distribution, and yield of maize in oasis irrigation area[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(3): 686-694.(in Chinese)
[19]	Wang Y L, Lyu H Q, Yu A Z, Wang F, Li Y, Wang P F, Shang Y P, Yang X H, Chai Q. No-tillage mulch with green manure retention improves maize yield by increasing the net photosynthetic rate[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2024, 159: 127275.
[20]	Feng W H, Ge J Y, Rodríguez A R S, Zhao B P, Wang X Y, Peixoto L, Yang Y D, Zeng Z H, Zang H D. Oat/soybean strip intercropping benefits crop yield and stability in semi-arid regions: A multi-site and multi-year assessment[J]. Field Crops Research, 2024, 318: 109560.
[21]	Lyu H Q, Yu A Z, Chai Q, Wang F, Wang Y L, Wang P F, Shang Y P, Yang X H. Enhancing soil quality and crop yield by increasing dominant bacterial abundance and reducing bacterial diversity under no-tillage with total green manure incorporation[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2025, 378: 109303.
[22]	Zhang N H, Ye X, Gao Y, Liu G X, Liu Z H, Zhang Q L, Liu E K, Sun S K, Ren X L, Jia Z K, Siddique K H M, Zhang P. Environment and agricultural practices regulate enhanced biochar-induced soil carbon pools and crop yield: A meta-analysis[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023, 905: 167290.
[23]	Fiorentino N, Sánchez-Monedero M A, Lehmann J, Enders A, Fagnano M, Cayuela M L. Interactive priming of soil N transformations from combining biochar and urea inputs: A 15N isotope tracer study[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2019, 131: 166-175.
[24]	Hou S, Sun X R, Chen G H, Siddique K H M, Chen Z L, Liu F, Ping S Y, Lai H T, Guo H H, An Y J, Lin Z L, Zhang Z X, Sun L Z, Yang P Z. Biochar addition mitigates asymmetric competition of water and increases yield advantages of maize-alfalfa strip intercropping systems in a semiarid region on the Loess Plateau[J]. Field Crops Research, 2024, 319: 109645.
[25]	Li W R, Wang L W, Qian S F, He M Y, Cai X J, Ding J Q. Root characteristics explain greater water use efficiency and drought tolerance in invasive Compositae plants[J]. Plant and Soil, 2023, 483(1): 209-223.
[26]	Yang T R, Zhao J H, Hong M, Ma M J, Ma S J, Yuan Y Y. Optimizing water and nitrogen supply can regulate the dynamics of dry matter accumulation in maize, thereby promoting dry matter accumulation and increasing yield[J]. Field Crops Research, 2025, 326: 109837.
[27]	Gao X Y, Yang J Q, Wang A J, Liu W Z. The reduction of nitrogen loss using biochar for soil fertility reservation[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2024, 24(6): 2416-2424.
[28]	Yang J R, Xia L L, Van Groenigen K J, Zhao X, Ti C P, Wang W L, Du Z L, Fan M S, Zhuang M H, Smith P, Lal R, Butterbach-Bahl K, Han X R, Meng J, Liu J, Cai H G, Cheng Y H, Liu X R, Shu X Y, Jiao X Y, et al. Sustained benefits of long-term biochar application for food security and climate change mitigation[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2025, 122(33): e2509237122.
[29]	Feng W H, Sánchez-Rodríguez A R, Bilyera N, Wang J Q, Wang X Q, Han Y H, Ma B X, Zhang H Y, Li F Y, Zhou J, Li Y Y. Mechanisms of biochar-based organic fertilizers enhancing maize yield on a Chinese Chernozem: Root traits, soil quality and soil microorganisms[J]. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2024, 36: 103756.
[30]	Zhang G Z, Yang H, Zhang W P, Bezemer T M, Liang W J, Li Q, Li L. Interspecific interactions between crops influence soil functional groups and networks in a maize/soybean intercropping system[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2023, 355: 108595.
[31]	Liu L, Wang Y F, Yan X W, Li J W, Jiao N Y, Hu S J. Biochar amendments increase the yield advantage of legume-based intercropping systems over monoculture[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2017, 237: 16-23.

种植模式 Planting model	施氮水平 Nitrogen application level	生物炭处理 Biochar treatment	代码 Code	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2）	追肥 N fertilizer topdressing (kg·hm^-2)		总施氮量 Total fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)
种植模式 Planting model	施氮水平 Nitrogen application level	生物炭处理 Biochar treatment	代码 Code	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2）	大喇叭口期 Big trumpet stage	吐丝期Silking stage	总施氮量 Total fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)
单作玉米 Monoculture maize (SM)	地方传统施氮 Local conventional nitrogen application (N₁)	不施生物炭 No biochar application (B)	SMN₁B	108	180	72	360
	地方传统施氮 Local conventional nitrogen application (N₁)	施用生物炭 Biochar application (C)	SMN₁C	108	180	72	360
	减氮30% Reduction 30% application rate (N₂)	不施生物炭 No biochar application (B)	SMN₂B	75	125	50	250
	减氮30% Reduction 30% application rate (N₂)	施用生物炭 Biochar application (C)	SMN₂C	75	125	50	250
玉米间作鲜食豌豆 Maize intercropped with fresh pea (IM)	地方传统施氮 Local conventional nitrogen application (N₁)	不施生物炭 No biochar application (B)	IMN₁B	108	180	72	360
	地方传统施氮 Local conventional nitrogen application (N₁)	施用生物炭 Biochar application (C)	IMN₁C	108	180	72	360
	减氮30% Reduction 30% application rate (N₂)	不施生物炭 No biochar application (B)	IMN₂B	75	125	50	250
	减氮30% Reduction 30% application rate (N₂)	施用生物炭 Biochar application (C)	IMN₂C	75	125	50	250

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	t₅₀(d)	V_max(kg·hm^-2·d^-1)	V_mean(kg·hm^-2·d^-1)
2022	SMN₁B	Y=27060/(1+e^6.244-0.075t)	0.999	83.3c	507.4c	182.2d
	SMN₂B	Y=23942/(1+e^6.143-0.073t )	0.999	84.2b	434.4e	160.4f
	SMN₁C	Y=30159/(1+e^6.169-0.074t)	0.999	83.4c	555.0ab	201.8b
	SMN₂C	Y=28817/(1+e^6.304-0.075t)	0.999	84.1b	539.1c	192.9c
	IMN₁B	Y=29684/(1+e^6.296-0.074t)	0.999	85.1a	547.9b	198.7b
	IMN₂B	Y=25486/(1+e^6.214-0.074t)	0.999	84.0b	469.1d	170.7e
	IMN₁C	Y=32086/(1+e^6.157-0.073t)	0.999	84.3b	584.6a	214.8a
	IMN₂C	Y=30846/(1+e^6.152-0.072t)	0.999	85.4a	555.9a	206.4a
2023	SMN₁B	Y=23824/(1+e^5.927-0.070t)	0.998	84.7b	494.2d	189.4d
	SMN₂B	Y=25943/(1+e^5.881-0.068t)	0.999	86.5a	441.0e	173.2e
	SMN₁C	Y=33364/(1+e^6.328-0.074t)	0.999	85.5ab	613.2b	223.1b
	SMN₂C	Y=29848/(1+e^6.013-0.070t)	0.999	85.9ab	522.3c	199.9c
	IMN₁B	Y=32042/(1+e^6.180-0.072t)	0.999	85.8ab	575.0c	214.6c
	IMN₂B	Y=27075/(1+e^5.854-0.069t)	0.998	84.8b	467cd	181.2d
	IMN₁C	Y=34424/(1+e^6.106-0.072t)	0.999	84.8b	618.3a	230.5a
	IMN₂C	Y=33144/(1+e^6.254-0.074t)	0.998	84.5b	617.2a	224.6b
2024	SMN₁B	Y=28239/(1+e^5.947-0.070t)	0.998	85.0ab	494.2e	189.4b
	SMN₂B	Y=25948/(1+e^5.833-0.068t)	0.999	85.8a	441.1f	173.2c
	SMN₁C	Y=33294/(1+e^6.593-0.077t)	0.998	85.6a	609.4b	224.6a
	SMN₂C	Y=29998/(1+e^6.142-0.072t)	0.999	85.3ab	540.0d	202.1b
	IMN₁B	Y=31950/(1+e^6.223-0.073t)	0.998	85.2ab	583.1c	214.7b
	IMN₂B	Y=27079/(1+e^5.886-0.069t)	0.999	85.3ab	467.1f	181.0c
	IMN₁C	Y=34222/(1+e^6.171-0.073t)	0.998	84.5c	640.9a	230.1a
	IMN₂C	Y=33392/(1+e^6.191-0.073t)	0.998	84.8b	624.6a	225.5a