多因素管理下大兴安岭南麓玉米种植密度及耐密抗倒品种选择

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.24.004

中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (24): 5143-5155.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.24.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

多因素管理下大兴安岭南麓玉米种植密度及耐密抗倒品种选择

田磊¹(), 邵鑫², 周一民¹, 苗秀珍¹, 纪楠³, 王浩⁴, 石明帅², 张悦忠¹^,^*()

¹ 扎赉特旗农牧和科技事业发展中心，内蒙古扎赉特旗 137600
² 内蒙古农业大学农学院，呼和浩特 010019
³ 通辽市农牧业发展中心，内蒙古通辽 028400
⁴ 科尔沁右翼前旗农牧业科学技术发展中心，内蒙古科尔沁右翼前旗 137400

收稿日期:2025-04-10 接受日期:2025-10-21 出版日期:2025-12-22 发布日期:2025-12-22
通信作者:
张悦忠，E-mail：13327021066@163.com
联系方式: 田磊，E-mail：18847170956@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD2301805)

Selection of Maize Planting Density and Dense-Planting Tolerant and Lodging-Resistant Varieties in the Southern Foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains under Multi-Factor Management

TIAN Lei¹(), SHAO Xin², ZHOU YiMin¹, MIAO XiuZhen¹, JI Nan³, WANG Hao⁴, SHI MingShuai², ZHANG YueZhong¹^,^*()

¹ Jalaid Banner Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Science and Technology Development Center, Jalaid Banner 137600, Inner Mongolia
² College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019
³ Tongliao Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Development Center, Tongliao 028400, Inner Mongolia
⁴ Korqin Right Wing Front Banner Agriculture Science and Technology Development Center, Korqin Right Wing Front Banner 137400, Inner Mongolia

Received:2025-04-10 Accepted:2025-10-21 Published:2025-12-22 Online:2025-12-22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究多因素管理下大兴安岭南麓玉米适宜的种植密度，挖掘其产量潜力，为在玉米密植条件下合理选种提供理论依据。【方法】依托扎赉特旗农业科技示范园区，于2022—2024年开展的玉米品种筛选及密度梯度试验，选用7.2、8.3、9.2、10.4万株/hm²共4个种植密度，划分为低密度（7.2万株/hm²）、中等密度（8.3、9.2万株/hm²）、高密度（10.4万株/hm²）3个密度梯度，选用138个玉米品种，共252份样本，对各样本株高、穗位、倒伏指数、成穗率、产量及构成因素进行数据分析。【结果】玉米产量构成因素与种植密度间均呈极显著相关关系（P<0.01），收获穗数与种植密度间呈线性回归关系，其回归方程为y=0.765x+0.8577，且R²为0.4986，因此可以预测在7.2—10.4万株/hm²，玉米种植密度每增加2.00万株/hm²，收获穗数增加2.39万穗/hm²；产量与种植密度间呈极显著相关关系(P<0.01)，产量随着种植密度的增加呈上升趋势，与低密度平均产量相比，高、中密度玉米产量分别显著提高16.85%和8.68%(P<0.05)；成穗率与种植密度间呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05），成穗率变化范围为85.53%—90.46%，平均成穗率为87.08%；收获穗数在8.62万穗/hm²之后产量增加减慢，根据高种植密度下的成穗率平均值86.01%计算，大兴安岭南麓玉米最大种植密度不应超过10.02万株/hm²。种植密度与株高之间呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01)，与穗位高及穗位高系数之间无相关关系。当株高≥314 cm时，玉米开始发生倒伏，株高为314—404 cm时，株高每增加15 cm，玉米倒伏程度增加3.88%；低种植密度下，穗粒数和百粒重与产量间呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)；中等密度下，收获穗数和百粒重与产量间均为极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)；高密度下产量与各因素间均无显著相关关系。种植密度对产量的影响高于倒伏程度，种植密度变化导致玉米倒伏主要通过影响收获穗数从而影响产量，而株高的增加导致玉米倒伏主要通过影响穗粒数进而影响产量。【结论】在大兴安岭南麓地区玉米种植密度较低时，应选择穗粒数及百粒重较高的品种，以保证玉米产量；当种植密度增密至8.3—9.2万株/hm²时，应尽可能地提高成穗率，保证收获穗数；当种植密度进一步提高时，应在选择紧凑型密植品种、保证收获穗数的基础上，做到精准管理，确保各产量构成因素均衡发展，从而获得理想产量，但最大种植密度不应超过10.02万株/hm²。同时，当选择种植的玉米品种株高≥314 cm时，应及时进行化控处理，防止玉米倒伏。

关键词: 大兴安岭南麓, 春玉米, 多因素管理, 种植密度, 倒伏, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to explore the suitable planting density of maize in the southern foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains under multi-factor management and tap its yield potential, for providing a theoretical basis to reasonably select varieties under high-density planting conditions.【Method】Relying on the variety screening and density gradient experiments carried out in the Agricultural Science and Technology Demonstration Park of Zhalaite Banner from 2022 to 2024, a total of 4 planting densities, namely 7.2×10⁴, 8.3×10⁴, 9.2×10⁴ and 10.4×10⁴ plants/hm², were selected and divided into 3 density gradients: low density (7.2×10⁴ plants/hm²), medium density (8.3×10⁴ and 9.2×10⁴ plants/hm²), and high density (10.4×10⁴ plants/hm²). A total of 138 maize varieties and 252 samples were used. Data analysis was conducted on the plants height, ear position, lodging index, ear formation rate, yield, and yield-contributing factors of each sample.【Result】There was an extremely significant correlation between yield-contributing factors and planting density (P<0.01). There was a linear regression relationship between the number of harvested ears and the planting density, and its regression equation was y=0.765x+0.8577, with R² being 0.4986. Therefore, it could be predicted that between 7.2×10⁴ and 10.4×10⁴ plants/hm², for every 2×10⁴ plants/hm² increase in planting density, the number of harvested ears increases by 2.39×10⁴ ears/hm². There was an extremely significant correlation between yield and planting density (P<0.01). The yield showed an increasing trend with the increase in planting density. Compared with the average yield at low density, the yields of maize at high and medium densities increased significantly by 16.85% and 8.68%, respectively (P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between the ear formation rate and the planting density (P<0.05). The ear formation rate ranged from 85.53% to 90.46%, with an average of 87.08%. The yield increase slowed down after the number of harvested ears reached 8.62×10⁴ ears/hm². Based on calculation of the average ear formation rate of 86.01% at high planting density, the maximum planting density in the southern foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains should not exceed 10.02×10⁴ plants/hm². There was an extremely significant negative correlation between planting density and plants height (P<0.01), and there was no correlation between planting density and ear position height or the ear position height coefficient. When the plants height was ≥314 cm, maize began to lodge. Within the range of 314-404 cm, for every 15 cm increase in plants height, the lodging degree increased by 3.88%. At low planting density, there was a significant positive correlation between the number of grains per ear, 100-grain weight, and yield (P<0.05). At medium density, there was an extremely significant positive correlation between the number of harvested ears, 100-grain weight, and yield (P<0.01). At high density, there was no significant correlation between yield and each factor. The impact of planting density on yield was greater than that of lodging degree. The lodging of maize caused by changes in planting density mainly affected the yield by influencing the number of harvested ears per mu, while the lodging of maize caused by the increase in plants height mainly affected the yield by influencing the number of grains per ear.【Conclusion】In the southern foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains, when the planting density was low, varieties with a high number of grains per ear and high 100-grain weight should be selected to ensure maize yield. When the density was increased to 8.3×10⁴-9.2×10⁴ plants/hm², the ear formation rate should be improved as much as possible to ensure the number of harvested ears. When the planting density was further increased, on the basis of selecting density-tolerant varieties and ensuring the number of harvested ears, precise management should be carried out to ensure the balanced development of each yield-contributing factor, so as to obtain an ideal yield. However, the maximum planting density should not exceed 10.02×10⁴ plants/hm². Meanwhile, when the plants height of the planting variety was ≥314 cm, measures should be taken to prevent lodging.

Key words: Greater Khingan Mountains, spring maize, multi-factor management, planting density, lodging, yield

田磊, 邵鑫, 周一民, 苗秀珍, 纪楠, 王浩, 石明帅, 张悦忠. 多因素管理下大兴安岭南麓玉米种植密度及耐密抗倒品种选择[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(24): 5143-5155.

TIAN Lei, SHAO Xin, ZHOU YiMin, MIAO XiuZhen, JI Nan, WANG Hao, SHI MingShuai, ZHANG YueZhong. Selection of Maize Planting Density and Dense-Planting Tolerant and Lodging-Resistant Varieties in the Southern Foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains under Multi-Factor Management[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(24): 5143-5155.

图/表 11

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

表2

表3

种植密度、倒伏程度和品种特性对玉米产量的影响系数"

影响路径 Influence path	直接影响系数 Direct influence coefficient	直接影响系数 Direct influence coefficient	直接影响系数 Direct influence coefficient	间接影响系数 Indirect influence coefficient	总影响系数 Total influence coefficient
种植密度→百粒重→产量 Planting density→100-seed weight→yield	0.181**	0.786**	-	0.142	0.265
种植密度→穗粒数→产量 Planting density→kernels per spike→yield	-0.499**	0.863	-	-0.431
种植密度→收获穗数→产量 Planting density→effective panicles number→yield	0.571**	0.970**	-	0.554
倒伏程度→百粒重→产量 Degree of lodging→100-seed weight→yield	-0.149*	0.786**	-	-0.117	-0.027
倒伏程度→穗粒数→产量 Degree of lodging→kernels per spike→yield	0.247**	0.863	-	0.213
倒伏程度→收获穗数→产量 Degree of lodging→effective panicles number→yield	-0.127**	0.970**	-	-0.123
株型→百粒重→产量 Plant type→100-seed weight→yield	-0.221*	0.786**	-	-0.174	-0.174
株型→穗粒数→产量 Plant type→kernels per spike→yield	0.168	0.863	-	0.146
株型→收获穗数→产量 Plant type→effective panicles number→yield	-0.008	0.970**	-	-0.010
株高→百粒重→产量 Plant height→100-seed weight→yield	0.188	0.786**	-	0.148	-0.130
株高→穗粒数→产量 Plant height→kernels per spike→yield	0.011	0.863	-	0.010
株高→收获穗数→产量 Plant height→effective panicles number→yield	-0.134**	0.970**	-	-0.130
种植密度→倒伏程度→百粒重→产量 Planting density→degree of lodging→100-seed weight→yield	-0.221**	-0.149	0.786**	0.026	0.006
种植密度→倒伏程度→穗粒数→产量 Planting density→degree of lodging→kernels per spike→yield	-0.221**	0.247	0.863	-0.047
种植密度→倒伏程度→收获穗数→产量 Planting density→degree of lodging→effective panicles number→yield	-0.221**	-0.127	0.970**	0.027
株型→倒伏程度→百粒重→产量 Plant type→degree of lodging→100-seed weight→yield	-0.094	-0.149	0.786**	0.011	0.000
株型→倒伏程度→穗粒数→产量 Plant type→degree of lodging→kernels per spike→yield	-0.094	0.247	0.863	-0.020
株型→倒伏程度→收获穗数→产量 Plant type→degree of lodging→effective panicles number→yield	-0.094	-0.127	0.970**	0.012
株高→倒伏程度→百粒重→产量 Plant height→degree of lodging→100-seed weight→yield	0.292**	-0.149	0.786**	-0.034	-0.008
株高→倒伏程度→穗粒数→产量 Plant height→degree of lodging→kernels per spike→yield	0.292**	0.247	0.863	0.062
株高→倒伏程度→收获穗数→产量 Plant height→degree of lodging→effective panicles number→yield	0.292**	-0.127	0.970**	-0.036

表3

图8

参考文献 34

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种植密度 Planting density (×10⁴ plants/hm²)	收获穗数 Effective panicles number	穗粒数 Kernels per spike	百粒重 100-seed weight	株高 Plant height	穗位高 Ear height	穗位高系数 Ear height coefficient
7.2	0.200	0.373*	0.622**	-0.060	0.350	0.120
8.3	0.555**	0.040	0.468**	-0.090	-0.150	-0.150
9.2	0.497**	0.090	0.358**	-0.030	0.150	0.040
10.4	0.210	0.300	0.370	0.470	0.460	0.550
7.2-10.4	0.472**	-0.020	0.409**	0.004	-0.057	-0.011

多因素管理下大兴安岭南麓玉米种植密度及耐密抗倒品种选择

Selection of Maize Planting Density and Dense-Planting Tolerant and Lodging-Resistant Varieties in the Southern Foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains under Multi-Factor Management

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参考文献 34

年份 Year	品种数量 Number of varieties	种植密度 Planting density (×10⁴ plants/hm²)	样本数量 Number of samples
2022	30	7.2	30
2023	32	9.2	32
2024	96	8.3、9.2、10.4	190