苗期低温对棉花花芽分化和棉株产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.07.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究苗期低温对棉花花芽分化的危害和籽棉产量的影响，分析苗期低温下棉花顶芽内源激素的变化特征，为低温下棉花优质高效栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】以早熟、优质棉花品种中425为材料，于2022-2023年在南京农业大学牌楼试验站智能温室开展苗期低温盆栽试验，模拟南疆阿克苏地区棉花苗期的日均温环境，设置2个温度处理，分别是对照（CK，日均温27 ℃，日均最高、最低温分别为32、22 ℃）、低温（LT，日均温20 ℃，日均最高、最低温度分别为25、15 ℃），研究苗期低温下棉花花芽分化数量、大小、形态解剖结构和顶芽内源激素变化，苗期低温解除后棉铃及其组分生物量、籽棉产量相关指标变化。【结果】在棉花花芽分化过程中，苗期低温下棉花顶芽内的生长素（IAA）含量升高、ZR与GA₃含量的比值（ZR/GA₃）降低使花芽分化受到抑制，脱落酸（ABA）、赤霉素（GA₃）和玉米素核苷（ZR）含量升高以响应低温带来的不利影响。顶芽内源激素受苗期低温影响发生变化，使花芽分化进程减缓，第1果枝第1果节花芽分化至苞片分化期、萼片分化期、花瓣-雄蕊分化期、雌蕊分化期、性器官形成期时，叶龄分别增加16.6%-19.4%、26.5%-31.3%、17.6%-29.0%、16.6%-23.3%、26.6%-30.0%；棉苗4叶1心、5叶1心、6叶1心期的花芽数量分别减少了33.3%-55.2%、24.0%-53.1%、26.8%-32.9%，由于苗期低温下棉苗生长发育迟缓，相同温度处理天数的棉苗花芽数量减少更为显著，与对照组棉苗4叶1心、5叶1心、6叶1心期相同低温处理天数的棉苗花芽数量减少66.7%-85.7%、74.0%-87.8%、70.7%-81.7%，棉苗4叶1心、5叶1心、6叶1心期的花芽分别减少33.3%-36.4%、70.7%-71.6%、44.6%-48.3%。苗期低温解除后，棉铃发育依然受到影响，棉铃及其组分生物量均显著降低，铃壳、纤维、棉籽生物量分别降低64.6%、65.5%、66.7%，棉花铃数降低65.4%，最终籽棉产量降低65.5%。【结论】苗期低温下，棉花顶芽IAA含量升高、ZR/GA₃降低抑制了伏前桃花芽分化。苗期低温通过推迟花芽分化使棉花生殖发育缓慢，棉铃生物量降低，苗期低温使花芽数量减少，最终棉花铃数降低，导致籽棉产量下降。

关键词: 棉花, 苗期, 低温, 花芽分化, 内源激素

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the harm of low temperature in the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedling stage on floral bud differentiation and the effect on seedcotton yield, to analyze the change characteristics of cotton floral bud differentiation phenotypes and terminal buds endogenous hormones under low temperature, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the high-quality and high-efficiency cultivation technology of cotton under low temperature.【Method】Using the early-maturing and high-quality cotton variety Zhong 425 as the material, a pot experiment was conducted in the smart greenhouse of the Pailou Experimental Station of Nanjing Agricultural University from 2022 to 2023 to simulate the daily average temperature environment during the cotton seedling stage in Aksu, southern Xinjiang. Two temperature treatments were set up: the control (CK, with a daily average temperature of 27 ℃, and daily maximum and minimum temperatures of 32 and 22 ℃, respectively) and the low-temperature treatment (LT, with a daily average temperature of 20 ℃, and daily maximum and minimum temperatures of 25 and 15 ℃, respectively). The number, size, and morphological anatomical structure of cotton flower bud differentiation were investigated, and the changes in endogenous hormones in shoot apices under low temperature during the seedling stage were analyzed. Additionally, the changes in cotton bolls and their component biomass, as well as relevant indicators of seed cotton yield, were examined after the removal of low temperature stress during the seedling stage.【Result】During the differentiation of cotton flower buds, the increase in Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content and the decrease in trans-Zeatin-riboside/Gibberellin A₃(ZR/GA₃ ) ratio in the terminal buds of cotton under low temperature during the seedling stage inhibited flower bud differentiation. Meanwhile, the content of abscisic acid Abscisic Acid (ABA), GA₃, and ZR increased in response to the adverse effects of low temperature. Changes in endogenous hormones in the shoot tips caused by low temperature during the seedling stage slowed down the process of flower bud differentiation. When the flower buds of the first fruit node on the first fruit branch differentiate from the bract differentiation stage to the sepal differentiation stage, petal-stamen differentiation stage, pistil differentiation stage, and sexual organ formation stage, the leaf age increased by 16.6%-19.4%, 26.5%-31.3%, 17.6%-29.0%, 16.6%-23.3%, and 26.6%-30.0%, respectively; the number of flower buds at the 4-leaf-1-heart, 5-leaf-1-heart, and 6-leaf-1-heart stages of cotton seedlings decreases by 33.3%-55.2%, 24.0%-53.1%, and 26.8%-32.9%, respectively. Due to the slow growth and development of cotton seedlings under low temperature during the seedling stage, the number of flower buds in cotton seedlings exposed to the same number of days of temperature treatment decreased more significantly, with reductions of 66.7%-85.7%, 74.0%-87.8%, and 70.7%-81.7% compared with the control group at the 4-leaf-1-heart, 5-leaf-1-heart, and 6-leaf-1-heart stages, respectively; the sizes of flower buds at these stages also decreased by 33.3%-36.4%, 70.7%-71.6%, and 44.6%-48.3%, respectively. After the removal of low temperature stress during the seedling stage, the development of cotton bolls was still affected, with significant reductions in boll and its component biomass. Specifically, the biomasses of boll shell, fiber, and cottonseed decreased by 64.6%, 65.5%, and 66.7%, respectively. The number of cotton bolls decreased by 65.4%, ultimately leading to a 65.5% reduction in seed cotton yield.【Conclusion】Under low temperature conditions during the seedling stage, the increased IAA content and decreased ZR/GA₃ ratio in the apical buds of cotton inhibited the differentiation of pre-summer peach flower buds. Low temperature during the seedling stage retarded the reproductive development of cotton by delaying flower bud differentiation, which reduced the biomass of cotton bolls. Low temperature at this stage also decreased the number of flower buds, ultimately leading to a reduction in the number of cotton bolls and lower seed cotton yield.

Key words: cotton, seedling stage, low temperature, floral bud differentiation, endogenous hormones

赵宇萱, 苗纪元, 胡伟, 周治国. 苗期低温对棉花花芽分化和棉株产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(7): 1311-1320.

ZHAO YuXuan, MIAO JiYuan, HU Wei, ZHOU ZhiGuo. Effects of Low Temperature at Seedling Stage on Cotton Floral Bud Differentiation and Cotton Plant Yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(7): 1311-1320.

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温度处理 Temperature treatment	苞叶 Bracts (g/plant)	铃壳 Boll shell (g/plant)	纤维 Fiber (g/plant)	棉籽 Cottonseed (g/plant)
对照 Control	1.3a	9.6a	11.3a	12.9a
低温 Low temperature	0.5b	3.4b	3.9b	4.3b

温度处理 Temperature treatment	铃数 Boll number per plant	铃重 Boll weight (g)	籽棉产量 Seedcotton yield (g/plant)
对照 Control	10.4a	3.6a	36.2a
低温 Low temperature	3.6b	3.5a	12.5b