2021—2022年上海地区大米、玉米、大豆和面粉中多种真菌毒素混合污染特征和交互作用分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】粮食食品原料中多种真菌毒素混合污染是一个备受关注的问题。本研究分析上海地区大米、玉米、黄豆和面粉中14种真菌毒素混合污染特征和交互作用，为真菌毒素的安全性评估、预警和监管提供基础数据，为制定更有效的监测和控制策略提供科学依据。【方法】采用超高效液相色谱串联-三重四级杆质谱技术，测定上海地区621份大米、玉米、黄豆和面粉中14种真菌毒素的含量，通过共同污染指数、相关性聚类分析、单因素方差分析和JAVA程序分析其混合污染的特征和真菌毒素的交互概率。【结果】市售粮食食品原料中检出的真菌毒素主要有赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、黄曲霉毒素（AFs）和伏马毒素（FUMs）。其中，大米主要受OTA和DON污染，玉米主要受FUMs和DON污染，黄豆主要受DON和AFs污染，面粉主要受DON及其衍生物污染。根据安全限量标准，4种粮食食品原料中真菌毒素的超标率不超过2.09%，但有87.76%的样品受到2种或2种以上的毒素影响，混合污染率较高。其中，交互率（25.44%）较高的组合有伏马毒素B1+伏马毒素B2（FB₁+FB₂）、DON+FB₁、OTA+FB₁、OTA+DON、黄曲霉毒素M2（AFM₂）+OTA、DON+FB₁+FB₂。在交互率较高的真菌毒素组合中，大多数组合呈弱相关，而FB₁+伏马毒素B3（FB₃）、黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB₁）+DON、DON+15-ADON这些组合交互率较高且呈中度相关。【结论】上海地区大米、玉米、黄豆和面粉等受真菌毒素的污染水平和超标水平总体相对较低，但单一样品受到多种毒素混合污染的比例较高，呈现出一定的样品种类差异。真菌毒素对大米、玉米、黄豆和面粉的污染是一个复杂的问题，研究结果可为今后市售粮食食品原料中多种真菌毒素共存的防控提供重要的参考。

关键词: 真菌毒素, 大米, 玉米, 黄豆, 面粉, 混合污染, 交互性分析, 上海地区

Abstract:

【Objective】 The co-contamination of multiple mycotoxins in grain food ingredients has become one of most concerned problem of food safety. In this study, the characteristics and interactions of co-contamination of 14 mycotoxins in the flours of rice, maize, soybean and wheat in Shanghai were explored, in order to provide the basic reference for safety assessment, early warning and supervision of mycotoxins, and development of efficient monitoring measures. 【Method】The content of 14 mycotoxins in 621 substrates of rice, maize, soybean and wheat flour from Shanghai were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The co-contaminated characteristics and interaction probabilities of multi-mycotoxin was analyzed by the common contamination index (CCEI), correlation cluster analysis (CCA), one-way ANOVA (one-way ANOVA), and the JAVA procedure. 【Result】The main exposure of mycotoxins in the grain ingredients in Shanghai regions included ochratoxin (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FUMs). Among them, rice was mainly contaminated by OTA and DON, maize was mainly contaminated by FUMs and DON, soybean was mainly contaminated by DON and AFs, and wheat flour was mainly contaminated with DON and its derivatives. Based on the safety limit standards of mycotoxins, the total excess rate was lower than 2.09% in four kinds of grain food ingredients, but the co-contamination rate of two or more kinds of mycotoxins were upper than 87.76%. Moreover, there was much higher interaction rates (25.44%) among different mycotoxins, such as FB₁+FB₂, DON+FB₁, OTA+FB₁, OTA+DON, AFM₂+OTA, and DON+FB₁+FB₂. Among the higher interaction rates groups, the most of the mycotoxins cooccurrence showed weaker correlations, but the co-combinations of FB₁+FB₃, AFB₁+DON, DON+15-ADON were all showed the significant moderate correlation. 【Conclusion】 The overall contaminated level and excessive rates of mycotoxins in the flours of rice, maize, soybean, and wheat flour from Shanghai was relatively low. However, the proportion of single samples contaminated by multi-mycotoxins was higher, and along with the difference of sample types. As a complex problem of the mycotoxin contamination in the flours of rice, maize, soybean and wheat, this study provided an important reference for the prevention and control of the co-occurrence of multi-mycotoxins in commercially available grain food ingredients in the future.

Key words: mycotoxin, rice, maize, soybean, wheat flour, co-combination, interaction analysis, Shanghai region

朱佐银, 赵含珂, 程海生, 韩梦怡, 裘知, 王杰, 周新丽, 杨俊花. 2021—2022年上海地区大米、玉米、大豆和面粉中多种真菌毒素混合污染特征和交互作用分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(12): 2454-2466.

ZHU ZuoYin, ZHAO HanKe, CHENG HaiSheng, HAN MengYi, QIU Zhi, WANG Jie, ZHOU XinLi, YANG JunHua. Study on Characterization and Interaction Analysis of Co-Contamination of Multi-Mycotoxins in the Flours of Rice, Maize, Soybean and Wheat Flour in Shanghai from 2021 to 2022[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(12): 2454-2466.

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真菌毒素 Mycotoxin	保留时间 Retention period (min)	母离子 Parent ion (m/z)	子离子 Daughter ion (m/z)	碰撞电压 Impulse voltage (eV)	离子源 Ion source
AFB₁	3.32	313.24	241.16*/284.97	36/22	ES+
AFB₂	3.17	315.22	287.14*/259.12	28/26	ES+
AFG₁	3.18	329.22	243.08*/199.86	42/26	ES+
AFG₂	3.03	331.22	189.05*/245.09	40/30	ES+
AFM₁	2.83	329.22	273.12*/229.17	38/22	ES+
AFM₂	3.04	331.23	284.99*/241.10	42/24	ES+
DON	1.99	297.1	249.10*/231.10	13/10	ES+
3-ADON	2.71	339.23	231.16*/213.15	16/12	ES+
15-ADON	2.66	356.03	339.02*/320.94	12/6	ES+
FB₁	2.97	722.39	334.38*/352.38	38/34	ES+
FB₂	3.41	706.39	336.39*/354.39	36/32	ES+
FB₃	3.23	706.39	336.39*/354.39	36/32	ES+
ZEN	4.19	317.24	175.05*/131.03	26/24	ES-
OTA	2.90	404.29	239.03*/221.03	34/22	ES+

真菌毒素 Mycotoxin	总样品 All sample (%)	大米 Rice (%)	玉米 Maize (%)	黄豆 Soybean (%)	面粉 Wheat flour (%)
ZEN	18.20	13.61	35.82	12.08	14.20
AFB₁	15.94	15.38	17.91	24.83	7.10
AFB₂	21.10	13.61	44.78	8.72	20.71
AFG₁	20.93	24.26	19.40	26.85	13.61
AFG₂	9.82	16.57	14.93	5.37	2.96
AFM₁	25.12	28.40	44.03	18.79	12.43
AFM₂	35.27	44.38	44.03	30.87	23.08
OTA	47.18	59.17	45.52	51.68	32.54
DON	61.35	36.69	67.91	65.77	76.92
3-ADON	26.73	31.95	26.12	34.23	15.38
15-ADON	15.14	11.24	0.00	22.82	24.26
FB₁	29.15	5.92	99.25	16.11	8.28
FB₂	23.03	11.83	69.40	13.42	5.92
FB₃	30.43	32.54	62.69	12.75	18.34

真菌毒素 Mycotoxin	大米 Rice (%)	玉米 Maize (%)	黄豆 Soybean (%)	面粉 Wheat flour (%)
AFB₁	-	-	-	-
AFB₁+AFB₂+AFG₁+AFG₂	-	-	-	0.59 (n=1)
FB₁+FB₂+FB₃	-	-	-	-
OTA	4.14 (n=7)	2.24 (n=3)	0.67 (n=1)	1.18 (n=2)
ZEN	-	-	2.01 (n=3)	-
DON	-	1.49 (n=2)	-	-

真菌毒素 Mycotoxin	大米 Rice		玉米 Maize		黄豆 Soybean		面粉Wheat flour
真菌毒素 Mycotoxin	平均值 Average (μg∙kg^-1)	污染范围 Rage (μg∙kg^-1)	平均值 Average (μg∙kg^-1)	污染范围 Rage (μg∙kg^-1)	平均值 Average (μg∙kg^-1)	污染范围 Rage (μg∙kg^-1)	平均值 Average (μg∙kg^-1)	污染范围 Rage (μg∙kg^-1)
ZEN	0.48b	0.36-9.76	0.45b	0.34-8.67	5.71a	0.59-97.57	0.29b	0.36-13.52
AFB₁	0.11b	0.12-1.84	0.17ab	0.11-2.56	0.23a	0.02-2.81	0.06b	0.22-2.36
AFB₂	0.08b	0.12-0.80	0.37a	0.10-2.64	0.06b	0.12-0.97	0.17b	0.11-7.87
AFG₁	0.11	0.13-0.64	0.13	0.10-1.57	0.12	0.14-2.15	0.10	0.14-2.36
AFG₂	0.08a	0.15-0.79	0.09a	0.15-0.66	0.02b	0.11-0.41	0.02b	0.15-0.36
AFM₁	0.13b	0.12-2.24	0.42a	0.12-5.32	0.07b	0.12-0.75	0.04b	0.14-0.36
AFM₂	0.14b	0.11-0.78	0.35a	0.10-5.48	0.10b	0.14-0.88	0.11b	0.12-2.37
OTA	1.32a	0.21-41.52	0.71ab	0.15-12.20	0.44b	0.12-9.05	0.27b	0.12-6.86
DON	7.31b	5.00-61.99	110.59a	5.37-2091.52	26.95b	2.56-407.60	53.83a	10.79-698.84
3-ADON	2.01	0.32-56.26	3.91	0.34-93.56	1.54	0.30-26.36	33.61	2.36-1890.20
15-ADON	17.85b	0.60-261.13	0.00	0.00-0.00	78.22a	2.35-890.99	66.74a	25.75-534.56
FB₁	0.35b	0.59-16.49	102.59a	1.19-749.38	4.68b	0.56-281.34	1.12b	0.45-78.72
FB₂	0.19b	0.56-5.26	18.82a	1.06-167.16	1.81b	0.64-123.74	0.54b	0.64-21.60
FB₃	0.24b	0.54-2.56	31.36a	1.02-217.57	3.07b	0.58-168.33	0.61b	0.52-20.15