我国小麦和玉米相对产量差时空变异及其对氮肥的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.14.008

中国农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (14): 2724-2737.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.14.008

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

我国小麦和玉米相对产量差时空变异及其对氮肥的响应

申哲¹(), 韩天富¹, 曲潇林², 马常宝², 王慧颖², 柳开楼³, 黄晶¹^,⁴, 都江雪¹, 张璐¹^,⁴, 刘立生¹^,⁴, 李继文¹, 张会民¹^,⁴()

¹ 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室，北京 100081
² 农业农村部耕地质量监测保护中心，北京 100125
³ 江西省红壤研究所/国家红壤改良工程技术研究中心，江西进贤 331717
⁴ 中国农业科学院衡阳红壤实验站/湖南祁阳农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站，湖南祁阳 426182

收稿日期:2022-07-11 接受日期:2022-11-15 出版日期:2023-07-16 发布日期:2023-07-21
通信作者:
张会民，E-mail：zhanghuimin@caas.cn
联系方式: 申哲，E-mail：18211097094@163.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41671301); 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(GY2022-13-5); 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(G2022-02-2); 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(G2022-02-3); 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(G2022-02-10); 江西省重点研发计划项目(20202BBFL63006); 江西省“双千计划”项目(jxsq2020102116); 国家绿肥产业技术体系(CARS-22-Z09)

Spatial-Temporal Variation of Relative Yield Gap of Wheat and Maize and Its Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in China

SHEN Zhe¹(), HAN TianFu¹, QU XiaoLin², MA ChangBao², WANG HuiYing², LIU KaiLou³, HUANG Jing¹^,⁴, DU JiangXue¹, ZHANG Lu¹^,⁴, LIU LiSheng¹^,⁴, LI JiWen¹, ZHANG HuiMin¹^,⁴()

¹ State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
² Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Protection Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125
³ Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil/National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Jinxian 331717, Jiangxi
⁴ Red Soil Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Hengyang/National Observation and Research Station of Farmland Ecosystem in Qiyang, Hunan, Qiyang 426182, Hunan

Received:2022-07-11 Accepted:2022-11-15 Published:2023-07-16 Online:2023-07-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究近15—20 年我国小麦和玉米相对产量差的时空变异特征、影响因素以及不同地力水平下相对产量差对氮肥的响应，为氮肥的合理施用及实现小麦和玉米的高产稳产提供理论依据。【方法】基于农业农村部耕地土壤质量监测数据，用施肥区与无肥区作物产量之差代表由肥料投入和由此引起的土壤性质改变所贡献的相对产量（RY），利用高产农户统计法获取最高相对产量（HRY）、平均相对产量（ARY）和相对产量差（G_RY），根据无肥区产量划分低、中、高基础地力水平，量化不同基础地力水平下小麦、玉米相对产量差与氮肥用量的关系，并结合随机森林模型探讨施肥和土壤因素对相对产量差影响的重要程度。【结果】全国小麦的HRY为3.83—6.75 t·hm^-2，ARY为2.10—3.42 t·hm^-2，G_RY为1.73—3.33 t·hm^-2，相对产量差占最高相对产量的44.64%—49.06%。小麦HRY、ARY和G_RY均是华北区>长江中下游区>西北区>西南区。玉米的HRY为6.53—8.20 t·hm^-2，ARY为3.37—4.12 t·hm^-2，G_RY为3.16—4.08 t·hm^-2，相对产量差占最高相对产量的44.78%—50.52%。玉米HRY、ARY和G_RY均是东北区>华北区>西南区>西北区。除华北区外，各个区域HRY和G_RY均随监测时间的延长呈上升趋势。除西北区外，在低、中地力土壤上G_RY随着氮肥施用量的增加而降低，而在高地力土壤上，下降不显著。华北区小麦和玉米、长江中下游区小麦和东北区玉米在低、中地力土壤均出现了氮肥施用平衡点。整体而言，在低、中地力土壤上，氮肥施用量和土壤有机质含量是影响小麦和玉米G_RY相对重要的因子；高地力土壤上，钾肥用量对长江中下游和华北区的G_RY影响较大，有机质含量对西北和西南区的G_RY影响显著。【结论】土壤地力水平越高，施用氮肥降低相对产量差的效应越低，高地力土壤应适当减施氮肥。为保证作物增产的同时避免氮肥的浪费和环境风险，建议氮肥施用量不宜超过其平衡点，即华北平原低、中地力土壤上小麦氮肥推荐施用量分别为260.6和159.2 kg·hm^-2，玉米分别为262.6和246.0 kg·hm^-2；长江中下游区低、中地力土壤上小麦分别为199.5和187.5 kg·hm^-2；东北区低、中地力水平土壤上玉米分别为259.5和228.0 kg·hm^-2。西南区低、中地力和西北区低地力土壤，应适当增加氮肥投入。此外，长江中下游和华北区高地力土壤上还应注重施用钾肥，西北、西南区应当将提升土壤有机质作为增产的主要措施。

关键词: 小麦, 玉米, 相对产量, 相对产量差

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to explore the spatial-temporal variation characteristics and influencing factors of relative yield gap of wheat and maize in China during the past 15-20 years and the response of relative yield gap to nitrogen fertilizer under different soil productivity levels, so as to provide a theoretical basis for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer and the realization of high and stable yield of wheat and maize.【Method】Based on the long-term monitoring database, the difference of wheat and maize yield between fertilized area and non-fertilized area was used to represent the relative yield (RY). The highest relative yield (HRY), the average relative yield (ARY) and the relative yield gap (G_RY) were obtained by using the statistical of high-yielding households, the effects of fertilization and soil factors on the relative yield gap were determined used the random forest model, and soil productivity level was divided according to the yield of non-fertilized area. The relationship between the relative yield gap of wheat and maize and nitrogen application rate under different soil productivity levels was quantified.【Result】 HRY of wheat in China was 3.83-6.75 t·hm^-2, ARY was 2.10-3.42 t·hm^-2, and G_RY was 1.73-3.33 t·hm^-2, G_RY accounting for 44.64%-49.06% of HRY. HRY, ARY and G_RY of wheat were north China>middle-lower Yangtze Plain>northwest China>southwest China. HRY of maize in China was 6.53-8.20 t·hm^-2, ARY was 3.37-4.12 t·hm^-2, and G_RY was 3.16-4.08 t·hm^-2, G_RY accounting for 44.78%-50.52% of HRY. HRY, ARY and G_RY of maize were northeast China>north China>southwest China>northwest China. Except for north China, HRY and G_RY of wheat and maize increased with time. Except in northwest China, the G_RY decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate in low and medium soil productivity, and the decrease amplitude was more significant in low soil productivity level, while the decrease of G_RY with nitrogen application rate in high soil productivity was not significant. Regionally, the balance points of nitrogen fertilizer application were found in wheat and maize in North China, wheat in middle-lower Yangtze Plain, and maize in northeast China at low and medium soil productivity. Overall, the nitrogen application rate and soil organic matter were relatively important influencing factors of G_RY for wheat and maize at low and medium soil productivity. Potassium application had a significant impact on the G_RY in middle-lower Yangtze Plain and north China, while organic matter had a significant impact on the G_RY in the northwest and southwest China under high soil productivity. 【Conclusion】N application and soil organic matter were important factors affecting the relative yield gap. The higher soil productivity level, the lower the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on reducing the relative yield gap. N fertilizer should be reduced appropriately in high productivity soil. In order to increase yield and avoid the waste of resource and environmental risks, it was suggested that the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer should not exceed its balance point. The recommended application rates of nitrogen fertilizer were 260.6 and 159.2 kg·hm^-2 for wheat and 262.5 and 246.0 kg·hm^-2 for maize at low and medium productivity levels in north China, respectively. In the middle-lower Yangtze Plain, 199.5 and 187.5 kg·hm^-2 were recommended for nitrogen application at low and medium productivity levels, respectively. In northeast China, the recommended amount of N fertilizer application was 259.5 and 228.0 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Under low and medium productivity levels in southwest and northwest China, N fertilizer should be appropriately increased. The potassium fertilizer reasonable application should be paid more attention at high soil productivity in north China and middle-lower Yangtze Plain. The improvement of soil organic matter should be as the main measures to achieve high and stable yields in southeast and southwest China.

Key words: wheat, maize, relative yield, relative yield gap

申哲, 韩天富, 曲潇林, 马常宝, 王慧颖, 柳开楼, 黄晶, 都江雪, 张璐, 刘立生, 李继文, 张会民. 我国小麦和玉米相对产量差时空变异及其对氮肥的响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(14): 2724-2737.

SHEN Zhe, HAN TianFu, QU XiaoLin, MA ChangBao, WANG HuiYing, LIU KaiLou, HUANG Jing, DU JiangXue, ZHANG Lu, LIU LiSheng, LI JiWen, ZHANG HuiMin. Spatial-Temporal Variation of Relative Yield Gap of Wheat and Maize and Its Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(14): 2724-2737.

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我国小麦和玉米相对产量差时空变异及其对氮肥的响应

Spatial-Temporal Variation of Relative Yield Gap of Wheat and Maize and Its Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in China

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