长期定位条件下栽培模式对麦田土壤理化性质和氮素平衡的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.12.003

中国农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (12): 2262-2273.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.12.003

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

长期定位条件下栽培模式对麦田土壤理化性质和氮素平衡的影响

郭鑫虎¹(), 马静¹, 李仲峰¹, 初金鹏¹, 徐海成², 贾殿勇³, 代兴龙¹(), 贺明荣¹()

¹ 山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室/农业农村部作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室，山东泰安 271018
² 潍坊科技学院，山东潍坊 262799
³ 南阳师范学院，河南南阳 473061

收稿日期:2022-10-21 接受日期:2023-01-08 出版日期:2023-06-16 发布日期:2023-06-27
通信作者: 代兴龙，E-mail：adaisdny@163.com。贺明荣，E-mail：mrhe@sdau.edu.cn
联系方式: 郭鑫虎，E-mail：xinhuguo@163.com。
基金资助:
山东省重点研发计划(LJNY202103); 国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300403)

Effects of Cultivation Modes on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Nitrogen Balance in Wheat Fields Under Long-Term Positioning Conditions

GUO XinHu¹(), MA Jing¹, LI ZhongFeng¹, CHU JinPeng¹, XU HaiCheng², JIA DianYong³, DAI XingLong¹(), HE MingRong¹()

¹ College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taian 271018, Shandong
² Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262799, Shandong
³ Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, Henan

Received:2022-10-21 Accepted:2023-01-08 Published:2023-06-16 Online:2023-06-27

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】基于2009—2010小麦生长季开始设置的长期定位试验，研究栽培模式对土壤理化性质、冬小麦氮素营养指数、麦田氮素供需平衡状况、氮素吸收利用和籽粒产量的影响，以期为进一步优化土壤-作物系统综合管理模式提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设置当地农户模式（T1）、农户基础上的改良模式（T2）、不计生产成本的高产更高产模式（T3）和土壤-作物系统综合管理模式（T4）4个栽培模式。【结果】历经13个小麦-玉米生长季后，T1、T2、T3、T4模式小麦播前容重分别降低6.21%、9.80%、12.25%和13.56%，有机质含量分别提高21.88%、26.80%、32.05%和36.39%，全氮含量分别提高34.16%、12.38%、39.60%和20.79%，碱解氮含量分别提高47.85%、48.87%、74.49%和62.21%，速效磷含量分别提高62.73%、36.56%、297.93%和68.68%，速效钾含量分别提高14.36%、40.00%、221.20%和59.60%。0—100 cm土层无机氮积累量分别提高了33.96%、10.32%、52.77%和19.49%。pH分别从最初的7.50下降至6.28、6.68、5.35和6.64。2020—2022生长季4个栽培模式间籽粒产量和氮素的吸收利用差异显著。与T1模式相比，T2、T3、T4模式的籽粒产量分别提高14.14%、27.65%、22.52%，氮素利用率分别提高54.80%、19.97%、49.15%，氮肥利用率分别提高72.95%、37.54%、48.15%，氮素表观损失量分别降低49.76%、11.62%、44.14%，氮素表观损失率分别降低24.63%、11.62%、26.68%。T4模式开花期的整株和成熟期的穗子处于氮素供需平衡。【结论】历经13个小麦-玉米生长季后，4个栽培模式0—20 cm土层土壤酸化趋势明显，表层土壤容重降低，有机质、全氮、速效氮磷钾养分含量升高，0—100 cm土层无机氮积累量相应升高。与其他3种模式相比，T4模式更有利于实现土壤理化性状、小麦籽粒产量和氮素吸收利用的协同改善，但其氮肥利用率仍有待进一步提高，且在现有基础上仅通过降低施氮量无法实现其产量和氮素吸收利用的进一步协同优化。

关键词: 土壤理化性质, 小麦籽粒产量, 氮素利用率, 氮素营养指数, 氮素平衡

Abstract:

【Objective】 From the 2009-2010 wheat growing season, four cultivation modes were designed and set up. The effects of cultivation modes on soil physical and chemical properties, nitrogen nutrition index of winter wheat, nitrogen supply and demand balance in wheat field, uptake and utilization of nitrogen and grain yield were investigated, in order to provide a theoretical guidance for further optimizing the soil-crop system integrated management mode.【Method】Four cultivation modes were designed: local farmer mode (T1), improvement mode based on farmers (T2), high-yield and higher-yield mode regardless of production cost (T3), and soil-crop system integrated management mode (T4).【Result】After 13 wheat-maize growing seasons, the soil bulk density of surface soil for T1, T2, T3 and T4 modes decreased by 6.21%, 9.80%, 12.25% and 13.56%, respectively; the content of organic matter for four modes increased by 21.88%, 26.80%, 32.05% and 36.39%, respectively; the corresponding increases were 34.16%, 12.38%, 39.60% and 20.79% for the contents of total nitrogen; 47.85%, 48.87%, 74.49% and 62.21% for the contents of alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, respectively; 62.73%, 36.56%, 297.93% and 68.68% for the contents of available phosphorus; 14.36%, 40.00%, 221.20% and 59.60% for the contents of available potassium, respectively. The increases of 33.96%, 10.32%, 52.77% and 19.49% were observed in the inorganic nitrogen accumulation in the 0-100 cm soil layer, respectively. Correspondingly, the pH for T1, T2, T3 and T4 modes decreased from 7.50 to 6.28, 6.68, 5.35 and 6.64, respectively. There were significant differences in grain yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization among the four cultivation modes in 2020-2022 growing season. Compared with T1 mode, the grain yield of T2, T3 and T4 modes increased by 14.14%, 27.65% and 22.52%, respectively; the nitrogen use efficiency increased by 54.80%, 19.97% and 49.15%, respectively; the nitrogen recovery efficiency increased by 72.95%, 37.54% and 48.15%, respectively; the nitrogen surplus decreased by 49.76%, 11.62% and 44.14%, respectively; the nitrogen surplus rate decreased by 24.63%, 11.62% and 26.68%, respectively. The whole plant at anthesis stage and spikes at maturity stage under T4 mode were in nitrogen supply and demand balance.【Conclusion】After 13 wheat-maize growing seasons, the soil acidification trend of 0-20 cm was obvious, and the bulk density of surface soil decreased, but the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and available nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium increased for the all four cultivation modes. Meanwhile, the accumulation of inorganic nitrogen in 0-100 cm soil layer increased accordingly. Compared with other three cultivation modes, a synergistic improvement was obtained under T4 mode in soil physicochemical properties, wheat grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency. However, the nitrogen use efficiency at present under T4 mode was not high enough and still needed to be further improved. As showed by present study, further synergistic optimization in grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency could not be achieved only by reducing nitrogen input.

Key words: soil physicochemical property, wheat grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen nutrition index, nitrogen balance

郭鑫虎, 马静, 李仲峰, 初金鹏, 徐海成, 贾殿勇, 代兴龙, 贺明荣. 长期定位条件下栽培模式对麦田土壤理化性质和氮素平衡的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(12): 2262-2273.

GUO XinHu, MA Jing, LI ZhongFeng, CHU JinPeng, XU HaiCheng, JIA DianYong, DAI XingLong, HE MingRong. Effects of Cultivation Modes on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Nitrogen Balance in Wheat Fields Under Long-Term Positioning Conditions[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(12): 2262-2273.

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模式 Mode		种植密度 Density (×10⁴·hm^-2)	播期 Sowing date (M-D)	肥料 Fertilizer	总施肥量 Total fertilizer rate (kg·hm^-2)	基肥量 Base fertilizer rate (kg·hm^-2)	追肥量（时期） Top dressing rates (stages) (kg·hm^-2)
T1	冬小麦 Winter wheat	225	10-05	N	315	189	126 (R)
				P₂O₅	120	120	0
				K₂O	30	30	0
	夏玉米 Summer maize	6.00	06-10	N	225	0	225 (J)
				P₂O₅	45	0	45 (J)
				K₂O	75	0	75 (J)
T2	冬小麦 Winter wheat	300	10-13	N	210	105	105 (J)
				P₂O₅	90	90	0
				K₂O	75	75	0
	夏玉米 Summer maize	6.75	06-15	N	160.5	45	115.5 (J)
				P₂O₅	45	45	0
				K₂O	75	45	30 (J)
T3	冬小麦 Winter wheat	375	10-10	N	315	126	189 (J)
				P₂O₅	210	210	0
				K₂O	150	90	60 (J)
	夏玉米 Summer maize	8.70	06-15	N	450	0	135 (J) + 225 (VT) + 90 (VT7)
				P₂O₅	150	60	90 (J)
				K₂O	300	150	150 (J)
T4	冬小麦 Winter wheat	450	10-15	N	240	96	144 (J)
				P₂O₅	120	120	0
				K₂O	75	45	30 (J)
	夏玉米 Summer maize	7.50	06-15	N	184.5	30	90 (J) + 64.5 (VT)
				P₂O₅	55.5	30	25.5 (J)
				K₂O	130.5	30	70.5 (J) + 30 (VT)

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	酸碱度 pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolysable N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
2009-2010	T1	1.53a	7.50a	15.90a	1.01a	65.70a	19.60a	69.65a
	T2	1.53a	7.50a	15.90a	1.01a	65.70a	19.60a	69.65a
	T3	1.53a	7.50a	15.90a	1.01a	65.70a	19.60a	69.65a
	T4	1.53a	7.50a	15.90a	1.01a	65.70a	19.60a	69.65a
2020-2021	T1	1.44a	6.34b	19.09d	1.34a	98.33c	30.83b	81.51d
	T2	1.38b	6.71c	19.84c	1.13c	100.71c	26.53c	102.06c
	T3	1.35c	5.45a	20.72b	1.39a	115.48a	74.04a	237.87a
	T4	1.33d	6.68c	21.32a	1.21b	108.54b	32.69b	113.18b
2021-2022	T1	1.43a	6.22b	19.67d	1.37a	95.95c	32.96b	77.80d
	T2	1.38b	6.64c	20.48c	1.14c	94.90c	27.00c	92.96c
	T3	1.34c	5.26a	21.27b	1.43a	113.80a	81.95a	209.56a
	T4	1.32d	6.60c	22.05a	1.23b	104.60b	33.55b	109.14b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	返青期 Revival stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	开花期a Anthesis stage a	开花期b Anthesis stage b	花后15 d 15 days post anthesis	花后25 d 25 days post anthesis	成熟期 Maturity stage
2020-2021	T1	0.88a	1.14a	0.96c	0.69c	0.76c	0.83c	0.90d
	T2	0.80c	0.90d	0.92d	0.69c	0.76c	0.84c	0.93c
	T3	0.89a	1.05b	1.14a	0.77a	0.86a	0.96a	1.04a
	T4	0.85b	0.94c	1.00b	0.72b	0.81b	0.90b	0.99b
2021-2022	T1	0.91a	1.08a	0.91c	0.68c	0.70d	0.76d	0.87d
	T2	0.82c	0.86d	0.91d	0.68c	0.74c	0.81c	0.94c
	T3	0.90a	0.98b	1.13a	0.79a	0.84a	0.93a	1.07a
	T4	0.86b	0.91c	0.99b	0.71b	0.79b	0.87b	1.00b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (t·hm^-2)	氮素利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	氮素吸收效率 Nitrogen uptake efficiency (%)	氮素内在利用效率 Nitrogen utilization efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥利用率 Nitrogen recovery efficiency (%)
2020-2021	T1	7.26d	13.03d	37.86c	34.42b	23.64d
	T2	8.29c	20.25a	54.77a	36.98a	38.96a
	T3	9.22a	15.60c	48.23b	32.34c	31.46c
	T4	8.86b	19.43b	55.16a	35.22b	33.87b
2021-2022	T1	7.17d	13.15d	38.39c	34.26c	19.99d
	T2	8.18c	20.28a	54.40a	37.28a	36.50a
	T3	9.20a	15.81c	47.79b	33.09d	28.55c
	T4	8.82b	19.62b	54.57a	35.96b	30.77b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	氮输入量 N input rate (kg·hm^-2)			氮输出量 N output rate (kg·hm^-2)			氮表观损失率 N surplus rate (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	施氮量 N application	起始量 Initial	净矿化量 Net mineralization	吸氮量 N uptake	残留量 Residual	表观损失量 Surplus	氮表观损失率 N surplus rate (%)
2020-2021	T1	315	242.27b	94.67d	210.97d	285.96b	155.01a	49.21a
	T2	210	199.33d	107.89c	224.19c	215.82d	77.21d	36.77c
	T3	315	276.39a	130.59a	285.20a	300.13a	136.65b	43.38b
	T4	240	215.77c	122.63b	251.42b	241.42c	85.55c	35.65d
2021-2022	T1	315	230.40b	96.30c	209.36d	276.21b	156.13a	49.56a
	T2	210	189.91d	100.52c	217.54c	203.79d	79.11d	37.67c
	T3	315	262.62a	126.65a	276.05a	289.90a	138.32b	43.91b
	T4	240	205.82c	119.29b	243.30b	233.56c	88.25c	36.77c

长期定位条件下栽培模式对麦田土壤理化性质和氮素平衡的影响

Effects of Cultivation Modes on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Nitrogen Balance in Wheat Fields Under Long-Term Positioning Conditions

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