肥料袋控缓释对桃树根系生长、氮素吸收利用及产量品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.24.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究肥料袋控缓释和普通沟施对桃园土壤养分动态变化、桃根系生长与分布、氮素吸收利用及果实产量品质的影响，为桃园科学施肥提供参考依据。【方法】以晚熟桃‘瑞蟠21’为试材，从2012年定植开始连续5年采用肥料袋控缓释（BCRF）、等量一次沟施（FSA I）和高量两次沟施（HFSA Ⅱ）的方法施肥，每年4、7、10月测定土壤养分含量；第3年结果后统计果实产量并测定品质指标；第5年采用¹⁵N同位素示踪法研究不同施肥方式下桃树的氮素利用率，同时考察根系的生长与分布。【结果】连续5年肥料袋控缓释土壤中碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾养分含量比较稳定，而肥料沟施处理施肥前期土壤养分含量较高，随后呈下降趋势。连续5年肥料袋控缓释使桃树根系水平方向分布在距树体100 cm范围内，细根比例较高，占根系总长度的83.95%；而沟施处理根幅较大，等量一次沟施处理达140 cm，高量两次沟施处理可达160 cm，且细根比例较小，分别占根系总长度的75.16%和70.63%；袋控缓释处理根系生物量变化幅度小。连续5年肥料袋控缓释处理后，第5年植株的氮素利用率分别为等量一次沟施处理和高量两次沟施处理的1.39倍和1.81倍。综合连续3年产量统计结果，肥料袋控缓释处理的产量比等量一次沟施处理提高22.32%，与高量两次沟施处理无明显差异；果实品质较高量两次沟施处理显著提高。【结论】连续5年采用肥料袋控缓释，桃园土壤养分含量保持稳定，可促进细根的发生，使根系分布集中，形成“密集型根系”，延长了根系寿命，并提高树体对氮素的吸收利用及果实产量和品质。

关键词: 肥料袋控缓释, 桃, ¹⁵N标记, 根系生长, 氮素利用率, 产量, 品质

Abstract: 【Objective】In order to provide reference for scientific fertilizing in peach orchard, the effects of fertilizer being bag-controlled released and fertilizer spread application treatments on dynamic changes of available nutrients in soil, root growth and horizontal distribution, nitrogen utilization rate and fruit yield and qualities were studied.【Method】 Late-ripening peach ‘Ruipan 21’ were used as experimental materials. The field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2016 with three fertilization modes: bag-controlled release fertilizer (BCRF), equal amounts of fertilizer spreading application in one time (FSA I) and high amounts of fertilizer spreading application in two times (HFSA II). The soil available nutrients contents were determined in April, July and October every year, and the fruit yield and qualities were investigated from 2014 to 2016. The nitrogen absorption and distribution in peach plants were studied by using ¹⁵N tracer technique, and the root growth and distribution were investigated in 2016. 【Result】 The soil available nutrients, including available phosphorus, available potassium and available nitrogen of BCRF treatment were steady for five years, however the soil available nutrients of FSA I and HFSA II treatments were higher at the early stage and then showed a trend of decline. The roots of BCRF treatment horizontally distributed in the range of 100 cm from the trunk and that of FSA I and HFSA Ⅱ treatments could grow to the range of 140 cm and 160 cm. Moreover the fine roots of BCRF treatment has a higher proportion, accounting for 83.95% of the total roots’ length compared with the FSA I and HFSAⅡ treatments, accounting for 75.16% and 70.63%. In addition, the BCRF treatment could maintain the stability of the biomass of the root system. The plant nitrogen utilization rate for BCRF treatment was 1.39 times and 1.81 times of FSA I and HFSA Ⅱ treatments, respectively. The yield of BCRF treatment was increased by about 20% of FSA I, and has no significant difference with HFSA Ⅱ treatment, but the fruit quality of BCRF treatment was significantly improved. 【Conclusion】 Under the treatment of fertilizer being bag-controlled released for 5 years, the soil nutrient levels were remained stable, the occurrence of fine roots were promoted, the root longevity was prolonged, and the roots distribution was concentrated to form “Intensive Root System”. Therefore the nitrogen utilization rate of peach plant of BCRF treatment was increased and the fruit yield and qualities were improved.

Key words: fertilizer being bag-controlled released, peach, ¹⁵N-label, root growth, N utilization rate, yield, quality

张亚飞，罗静静，彭福田，郜怀峰，王国栋，孙希武. 肥料袋控缓释对桃树根系生长、氮素吸收利用及产量品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(24): 4769-4778.

ZHANG YaFei,LUO JingJing, PENG FuTian, GAO HuaiFeng, WANG GuoDong, SUN XiWu . Effects of Fertilizer Being Bag-Controlled Released on Root Growth, Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization, Fruit Yield and Quality of Peach Trees[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(24): 4769-4778.

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