中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (4): 701-714.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.04.011
夏桂敏,孙媛媛,王玮志,吴奇,迟道才
收稿日期:
2018-09-30
接受日期:
2018-12-10
出版日期:
2019-02-16
发布日期:
2019-02-27
通讯作者:
夏桂敏
作者简介:
夏桂敏,E-mail: 基金资助:
XIA GuiMin,SUN YuanYuan,WANG WeiZhi,WU Qi,CHI DaoCai
Received:
2018-09-30
Accepted:
2018-12-10
Online:
2019-02-16
Published:
2019-02-27
Contact:
GuiMin XIA
摘要:
【目的】果树蒸腾规律集中体现在其茎流特征上,研究东北地区‘寒富’苹果Malus pumila Mill(‘Hanfu’)树蒸腾耗水规律,为制定适宜的灌溉制度提供理论依据。【方法】采用热扩散式茎流计(TDP)于2017年5—10月连续监测‘寒富’苹果树幼果期至落叶期的茎流速率,用果园内自动气象站获取气象数据;分析‘寒富’苹果树茎流特征及其与环境因子间的关系,建立树干茎流速率与环境因子的关系模型。【结果】‘寒富’苹果树单日茎流速率呈现昼高夜低的单峰“几”字型变化,夜间茎流速率变化稳定,零点到日出的时间段内茎流速率变化平缓且接近于0,日落后到次日零点的时间段内仍然保持较高的茎流速率水平。果树生长周期中,茎流启动时间和下降时间较集中,到达峰值的时间较分散。夜间茎流量占比为10月>9月>5月>6月>8月>7月,10月夜间茎流量占比达到33.69%,7月夜间茎流量占比仅为4.57%。瞬时尺度下环境因子与‘寒富’果树茎流相关性程度大小为:太阳辐射>大气温度>风速>水汽压差>相对湿度>30 cm土层温度;‘寒富’苹果树茎流速率和各环境因子的多元回归方程为:V=6.441+0.012Rn+1.874T–0.577Ts,5cm+1.915Ws–9.766VPD–0.362RH,方程的相关系数R 2为0.842。茎流与10 cm土层含水率在日尺度下显著正相关,相关性系数为0.521,与其他土层含水率相关性不显著。 【结论】东北冷凉地区‘寒富’苹果树在6—9月蒸腾量较大,蒸腾受太阳辐射、风速等环境因子影响程度高,应注意在果实膨大期,尤其7、8月及时补充灌水,灌水时间宜避开太阳辐射最强的时间段,选在日出前或在日落后,以减少蒸发造成的水分损耗。
夏桂敏,孙媛媛,王玮志,吴奇,迟道才. ‘寒富’苹果树茎流特征及其对环境因子的响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(4): 701-714.
XIA GuiMin,SUN YuanYuan,WANG WeiZhi,WU Qi,CHI DaoCai. The Characteristics of Sap Flow of Hanfu Apple Trees and Its Response to Environmental Factors[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(4): 701-714.
表2
‘寒富’苹果树茎流速率月际动态变化规律"
月份Month | 观测 日期 Date | 环境因子日均值 Environmental factor daily mean | 启动时间 Start-up time | 到达峰值 时刻 Peak time | 峰值 Peak value (cm·h-1) | 下降时刻 Fall time | 平均茎流速率 Mean sap velocity (cm·h-1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
太阳净辐射 Rn (W·m-2) | 大气温度 T (℃) | 空气相对 湿度 RH (%) | 风速 Ws (m·s-1) | 10cm土壤体积含水率10cm soil moisture content (%) | |||||||
5 | 2017.5.19 | 285.98 | 28.91 | 29.93 | 2.66 | 12.11 | 6:30 | 12:30 | 7.17 | 17:00 | 3.41 |
6 | 2017.6.17 | 232.30 | 30.81 | 25.01 | 2.63 | 21.72 | 6:00 | 8:30 | 12.63 | 16:30 | 5.45 |
7 | 2017.7.17 | 314.94 | 29.78 | 50.96 | 2.26 | 18.38 | 6:30 | 9:30 | 14.25 | 17:00 | 5.89 |
8 | 2017.8.11 | 290.49 | 28.78 | 49.50 | 1.36 | 17.80 | 6:30 | 9:00 | 15.60 | 17:00 | 6.16 |
9 | 2017.9.15 | 172.57 | 22.00 | 40.94 | 1.32 | 14.98 | 7:00 | 10:00 | 13.92 | 14:30 | 4.75 |
10 | 2017.10.13 | 156.23 | 11.64 | 26.80 | 1.51 | 19.27 | 8:30 | 14:00 | 13.86 | 15:30 | 5.06 |
表4
昼夜茎流量占比表"
日期 Date | 夜间主要气象因子均值与茎流量 Nocturnal mean of main meteorological factors and sap flow | 白天主要气象因子均值与茎流量 Diurnal mean of main meteorological factors and sap flow | 单日茎流量 Sap flow (g·d-1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
大气温度 T (℃) | 空气相对湿度 RH (%) | 夜晚茎流量 Sap flow (g·d-1) | 大气温度 T (℃) | 空气相对湿度 RH (%) | 白天茎流量 Sap flow (g·d-1) | ||
2017.5.19 | 23.61 | 35.97 | 436.32 | 29.08 | 30.68 | 3964.00 | 4400.32 |
百分比Percentage | - | - | 9.92% | - | - | 90.08% | 100.00% |
2017.6.17 | 26.39 | 32.53 | 569.49 | 30.84 | 25.29 | 6528.45 | 7097.94 |
百分比Percentage | - | - | 8.02% | - | - | 91.98% | 100.00% |
2017.7.17 | 27.15 | 58.40 | 345.46 | 28.93 | 51.22 | 7220.51 | 7565.98 |
百分比Percentage | - | - | 4.57% | - | - | 95.43% | 100.00% |
2017.8.11 | 24.79 | 60.14 | 542.44 | 28.78 | 49.53 | 7391.13 | 7933.58 |
百分比Percentage | - | - | 6.84% | - | - | 93.16% | 100.00% |
2017.9.15 | 19.12 | 49.83 | 830.25 | 23.41 | 39.76 | 5367.94 | 6198.18 |
百分比Percentage | - | - | 13.39% | - | - | 86.61% | 100.00% |
2017.10.13 | 8.64 | 30.29 | 2271.92 | 12.28 | 32.12 | 4472.57 | 6744.49 |
百分比Percentage | - | - | 33.69% | - | - | 66.31% | 100.00% |
表5
寒富苹果树茎流速率与环境因子相关关系"
净辐射 Rn | 大气温度 T | 相对湿度 RH | 水气压差VPD | 风速 Ws | 5 cm土温 Ts,5 | 10 cm 土温Ts,10 | 20 cm 土温Ts,20 | 30 cm 土温Ts,30 | 40 cm 土温Ts,40 | 茎流速率 Sap velocity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
净辐射Rn | 1 | ||||||||||
大气温度T | 0.613** | 1 | |||||||||
相对湿度RH | -0.533** | -0.731** | 1 | ||||||||
水气压差VPD | 0.609** | 0.920** | -0.926** | 1 | |||||||
风速Ws | 0.622** | 0.431** | -0.566** | 0.548** | 1 | ||||||
5 cm土温Ts,5 | 0.114* | 0.742** | -0.494** | 0.687** | 0.148** | 1 | |||||
10 cm土温Ts,10 | -0.121* | 0.571** | -0.339** | 0.511** | -0.010 | 0.954** | 1 | ||||
20 cm土温Ts,20 | -0.315** | 0.321** | -0.119* | 0.256** | -0.180** | 0.791** | 0.935** | 1 | |||
30 cm土温Ts,30 | -0.308** | 0.039 | 0.123* | -0.025 | -0.262** | 0.458** | 0.660** | 0.864** | 1 | ||
40 cm土温Ts,40 | -0.094 | 0.025 | 0.099 | -0.020 | -0.145** | 0.268** | 0.428** | 0.637** | 0.915** | 1 | |
茎流速率 Sap velocity | 0.852** | 0.656** | -0.557** | 0.616** | 0.619** | 0.132** | -0.078 | -0.281** | -0.347** | -0.173** | 1 |
表6
环境因子对茎流速率的通径分析结果"
自变量 Independent variable | 简单相关系数 Simple correlation coefficient | 直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient | 间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient | 合计 Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x1 | x2 | x3 | x4 | x5 | x6 | ||||
x1 | 0.852 | 0.478 | - | 0.8018 | -0.0285 | 0.1219 | -0.9427 | 0.4221 | 0.3746 |
x2 | 0.656 | 1.308 | 0.2930 | - | -0.1855 | 0.0845 | -1.4242 | 0.5790 | -0.6532 |
x3 | 0.132 | -0.250 | 0.0545 | 0.9705 | - | 0.0290 | -1.0635 | 0.3912 | 0.3817 |
x4 | 0.619 | 0.196 | 0.2973 | 0.5637 | -0.037 | - | -0.8483 | 0.4483 | 0.4240 |
x5 | 0.616 | -1.548 | 0.2911 | 1.2034 | -0.1718 | 0.1074 | - | 0.7334 | 2.1635 |
x6 | -0.557 | -0.792 | -0.2548 | -0.9561 | 0.1235 | -0.1109 | 1.4334 | - | 0.2351 |
表7
土壤体积含水率与茎流量的相关性分析"
10 cm土层 含水率 10 cm soil MC | 20 cm土层 含水率 20 cm soil MC | 30 cm土层 含水率 30 cm soil MC | 40 cm土层 含水率 40 cm soil MC | 50 cm土层 含水率 50 cm soil MC | 60 cm土层 含水率 60 cm soil MC | 茎流量 Sap flow | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10cm土层含水率10cm soil MC | 1 | ||||||
20cm土层含水率20cm soil MC | 0.645** | 1 | |||||
30cm土层含水率30cm soil MC | 0.300 | 0.909** | 1 | ||||
40cm土层含水率40cm soil MC | 0.107 | 0.807** | 0.973** | 1 | |||
50cm土层含水率50cm soil MC | -0.027 | 0.719** | 0.929** | 0.985** | 1 | ||
60cm土层含水率60cm soil MC | -0.064 | 0.687** | 0.911** | 0.978** | 0.998** | 1 | |
茎流量Sap flow | 0.521** | 0.187 | -0.034 | -0.100 | -0.155 | -0.180 | 1 |
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