中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (19): 4010-4023.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.014
收稿日期:
2019-12-04
接受日期:
2020-03-03
出版日期:
2020-10-01
发布日期:
2020-10-19
通讯作者:
何刚,王朝辉
作者简介:
张欣欣,E-mail: 基金资助:
ZHANG XinXin1(),SHI Lei2,HE Gang1(),WANG ZhaoHui1()
Received:
2019-12-04
Accepted:
2020-03-03
Online:
2020-10-01
Published:
2020-10-19
Contact:
Gang HE,ZhaoHui WANG
摘要:
【目的】农户经营是我国农业的主体,肥料资源的不合理应用是限制作物生产的重要因子。本研究旨在评估主产区农户粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益。【方法】2018年对陕西省各县(市、区)的主要农作物生产情况进行问卷调查,以三大粮食作物为研究对象,基于产量水平评价农户的施肥现状、减肥潜力、环境代价和经济效益。【结果】农户作物产量存在显著差异,小麦平均产量为4 573 kg·hm-2,高低产量相差2 619 kg·hm-2;玉米平均产量为7 319 kg·hm-2,高低产量相差5 388 kg·hm-2;水稻平均产量为8 340 kg·hm-2,高低产量相差2 893 kg·hm-2。小麦的氮磷钾肥用量分别为177 kg N·hm-2、102 kg P2O5·hm-2和37 kg K2O·hm-2;玉米分别为247 kg N·hm-2、103 kg P2O5·hm-2和47 kg K2O·hm-2;水稻分别为186 kg N·hm-2、88 kg P2O5·hm-2和64 kg K2O·hm-2。3种作物产量与施肥量无显著相关。氮磷肥普遍过量施用、钾肥过量与不足并存,低产农户过量施肥问题严重。对于氮磷钾肥的减施潜力,小麦分别为41%、59%和59%;玉米分别为55%、73%和66%;水稻分别为38%、64%和58%。施用的肥料形态均表现氮以单质肥为主、复合肥为辅;磷钾以复合肥为主;有机肥养分供应量很低。肥料结构均表现为重基施轻追施,氮以基施为主、追施为辅;磷钾肥鲜有追施。生产1.0 t小麦、玉米和水稻的活性氮损失量分别为6.9、3.8和3.3 kg,低产组的活性氮损失强度比高产组分别高52%、85%和74%,降低损失的潜力分别介于16%—33%、31%—50%和4%—38%。小麦、玉米和水稻生产的经济效益分别为4 468、9 091和20 020 元/hm2,高产组比低产组分别高459%、128%和52%;减肥增效后总效益分别为4 919、9 905和20 543 元/hm2,高产组比低产组分别高290%、106%和48%。【结论】基于产量水平深入剖析了陕西省农户的生产行为,低中产组为化肥减量和收益提升的重点。农户氮磷钾肥减施潜力分别为45%、65%和61%;小麦、玉米和水稻因化肥减施而降低活性氮损失的潜力分别为26%、45%和18%;提高环境经济效益的潜力分别为10%、9%和3%。
张欣欣,石磊,何刚,王朝辉. 陕西省粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(19): 4010-4023.
ZHANG XinXin,SHI Lei,HE Gang,WANG ZhaoHui. Potential of Fertilizer Reduction and Benefits of Environment and Economic for Cereal Crops Production in Shaanxi Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(19): 4010-4023.
表1
主要粮食作物产量及施肥量"
作物 Crop | 产量水平 Yield level | 等级范围 Yield range (kg·hm-2) | 样本数 Sample amount | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | 施氮量 N rate (kg N·hm-2) | 施磷量 P rate (kg P2O5·hm-2) | 施钾量 K rate (kg K2O·hm-2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
小麦 Wheat | 低产 Low | <3950 | 100 | 3227c | 152b | 112a | 35a |
中产 Mid | 3950-5200 | 103 | 4534b | 183a | 95a | 35a | |
高产 High | >5200 | 109 | 5846a | 193a | 99a | 42a | |
平均 Mean | — | — | 4573 | 177 | 102 | 37 | |
玉米 Maize | 低产 Low | <6750 | 224 | 5327c | 237a | 85c | 42b |
中产 Mid | 6750-9000 | 178 | 7688b | 257a | 107b | 43b | |
高产 High | >9000 | 112 | 10715a | 251a | 132a | 64a | |
平均 Mean | — | — | 7319 | 247 | 103 | 47 | |
水稻 Rice | 低产 Low | <7400 | 24 | 6446c | 218a | 63b | 59a |
中产 Mid | 7400-8800 | 55 | 7878b | 178b | 102a | 55a | |
高产 High | >8800 | 71 | 9339a | 182b | 86ab | 73a | |
平均 Mean | — | — | 8340 | 186 | 88 | 64 |
表2
肥料种类、用量及其基追比"
作物 Crop | 肥料 种类 Fertilizer type | 氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer | 磷肥 Phosphorus fertilizer | 钾肥 Potassium fertilizer | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
基肥 Basal fertilizer (kg N·hm-2) | 追肥 Top-dressing (kg N·hm-2) | 总和All | 基肥 Basal fertilizer (kg P2O5·hm-2) | 追肥Top-dressing (kg P2O5·hm-2) | 总和All | 基肥 Basal fertilizer (kg K2O·hm-2) | 追肥Topdressing (kg K2O·hm-2) | 总和All | |||||
平均Average | 比例Ratio (%) | 平均值Average (kg P2O5·hm-2) | 比例Ratio (%) | 平均值Average (kg K2O·hm-2) | 比例Ratio (%) | ||||||||
小麦Wheat | 单质肥 ECF | 66 | 20 | 83a | 48 | 22 | 0 | 22b | 22 | 3 | 0 | 3c | 8 |
复合肥 CF | 76 | 0.2 | 75a | 44 | 69 | 0.3 | 68a | 67 | 25 | 0.3 | 25a | 66 | |
有机肥 OM | 15 | 0 | 14b | 8 | 11 | 0 | 11c | 11 | 10 | 0 | 10b | 26 | |
总和All | 157 # | 20 & | — | — | 102 # | 0.3 & | — | — | 37 # | 0.3 & | — | — | |
玉米Maize | 单质肥 ECF | 51 | 99 | 151a | 61 | 18 | 1 | 19b | 18 | 1 | 0.2 | 1c | 2 |
复合肥 CF | 68 | 4 | 72b | 29 | 62 | 4 | 66a | 64 | 23 | 2 | 28a | 60 | |
有机肥 OM | 23 | 1 | 24c | 10 | 18 | 1 | 18b | 18 | 18 | 1 | 18b | 38 | |
总和All | 142 # | 104 & | — | — | 97 # | 6 & | — | — | 44 # | 3 & | — | — | |
水稻Rice | 单质肥 ECF | 55 | 50 | 105a | 57 | 21 | 0 | 21b | 24 | 3 | 0 | 3c | 5 |
复合肥 CF | 54 | 3 | 56b | 30 | 48 | 2 | 50a | 57 | 43 | 1 | 44a | 70 | |
有机肥 OM | 25 | 0 | 25 c | 13 | 17 | 0 | 17b | 19 | 16 | 0 | 16b | 25 | |
总和All | 134 # | 52 & | — | — | 86 # | 2 & | — | — | 63 # | 1 & | — | — |
表3
小麦、玉米和水稻的减肥潜力与环境代价"
作物 Crop | 产量水平 Yield level | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | 氮肥过量 Excessive N rate (kg N·hm-2) | 磷肥过量 Excessive P rate (kg P2O5·hm-2) | 钾肥过量 Excessive K rate (kg K2O·hm-2) | 活性氮损失强度 Nr losses intensity | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FPex | Rec | % | FPex | Rec | % | FPex | Rec | % | 平均值 Mean (kg N·t-1) | % | |||
小麦 Wheat | 低产Low | 3227 | 174 | 90 | 48 | 122 | 34 | 72 | 68 | 23 | 66 | 8.5 a | 33 |
适中Mid | 4534 | 212 | 127 | 40 | 113 | 48 | 58 | 88 | 33 | 63 | 6.8 b | 24 | |
高产High | 5846 | 255 | 164 | 36 | 112 | 61 | 46 | 104 | 42 | 60 | 5.6 c | 16 | |
平均Mean | 4573 | 218 | 128 | 41 | 116 | 48 | 59 | 81 | 33 | 59 | 6.9 | 26 | |
玉米 Maize | 低产Low | 5327 | 248 | 93 | 63 | 106 | 26 | 75 | 81 | 24 | 70 | 4.8 a | 50 |
适中Mid | 7688 | 279 | 134 | 52 | 131 | 37 | 72 | 96 | 35 | 64 | 3.5 b | 43 | |
高产High | 10715 | 359 | 186 | 48 | 196 | 51 | 74 | 153 | 49 | 68 | 2.6 c | 31 | |
平均Mean | 7319 | 280 | 127 | 55 | 132 | 35 | 73 | 101 | 34 | 66 | 3.8 | 45 | |
水稻 Rice | 低产Low | 6446 | 276 | 110 | 60 | 90 | 33 | 63 | 96 | 36 | 63 | 4.7 a | 38 |
适中Mid | 7878 | 206 | 135 | 34 | 131 | 40 | 69 | 114 | 43 | 62 | 3.3 b | 19 | |
高产High | 9339 | 239 | 160 | 33 | 118 | 48 | 59 | 122 | 52 | 57 | 2.7 c | 4 | |
平均Mean | 8340 | 229 | 143 | 38 | 119 | 43 | 64 | 110 | 46 | 58 | 3.3 | 18 |
表4
小麦、玉米和水稻的经济效益"
作物 Crop | 产量等级 Yield level | 总产出 Output (yuan/hm2) | 投入 Input (yuan/hm2) | 肥料占总投入 Fertilizer/ total (%) | 经济效益 Benefit (yuan/hm2) | 减肥增效Benefit increase | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
单质肥 ECF | 复合肥 CF | 有机肥 OM | 总投入 Total | (yuan/hm2) | (%) | |||||
小麦 Wheat | 低产Low | 6675c | 338 | 1134 | 231 | 5339b | 32 | 1336c | 1984c | 49 |
适中Mid | 10059b | 546 | 1096 | 85 | 5335b | 32 | 4595b | 5036b | 10 | |
高产High | 13126a | 434 | 1543 | 51 | 5655a | 36 | 7472a | 7737a | 4 | |
平均Mean | 9953 | 439 | 1258 | 122 | 5443 | 33 | 4468 | 4919 | 10 | |
玉米 Maize | 低产Low | 10065c | 664 | 888 | 327 | 4671b | 40 | 5395c | 6311c | 17 |
适中Mid | 14413b | 807 | 1016 | 212 | 4828b | 42 | 9585b | 10416b | 9 | |
高产High | 17834a | 426 | 2107 | 216 | 5541a | 50 | 12293c | 12989a | 6 | |
平均Mean | 14104 | 632 | 1337 | 252 | 5013 | 44 | 9091 | 9905 | 9 | |
水稻 Rice | 低产Low | 19908b | 616 | 416 | 583 | 4784a | 34 | 15124b | 15808b | 5 |
适中Mid | 26905a | 545 | 1038 | 217 | 4969a | 36 | 21936a | 22444a | 2 | |
高产High | 28028a | 446 | 1281 | 135 | 5030a | 37 | 22999a | 23378a | 2 | |
平均Mean | 24947 | 536 | 912 | 312 | 4928 | 36 | 20020 | 20543 | 3 |
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