中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (5): 1037-1046.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.05.015

• 畜牧·兽医·资源昆虫 • 上一篇    

添加剂对农副产物和小麦秸秆混合青贮发酵品质的影响

宗成(),吴金鑫,朱九刚,董志浩,李君风,邵涛,刘秦华()   

  1. 南京农业大学草业学院,南京 210095
  • 收稿日期:2020-08-20 接受日期:2022-01-04 出版日期:2022-03-01 发布日期:2022-03-08
  • 通讯作者: 刘秦华
  • 作者简介:宗成,E-mail: zongchengnj@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金面上项目(31971765);中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2019M651865)

Effects of Additives on the Fermentation Quality of Agricultural By-Products and Wheat Straw Mixed Silage

ZONG Cheng(),WU JinXin,ZHU JiuGang,DONG ZhiHao,LI JunFeng,SHAO Tao,LIU QinHua()   

  1. College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095
  • Received:2020-08-20 Accepted:2022-01-04 Online:2022-03-01 Published:2022-03-08
  • Contact: QinHua LIU

摘要:

【目的】随着食品业与加工业的不断发展,产生了诸如西瓜皮,蚕豆荚以及啤酒糟等大量的农副产物,造成环境的污染。为提高农副产物和小麦秸秆的饲料化程度,减小环境压力,通过探究添加剂对农副产物(西瓜皮、蚕豆荚和啤酒糟)与小麦秸秆混合青贮发酵品质的影响,为提高农副产品利用率和青贮品质研究提供借鉴。【方法】以混合农副产物(西瓜皮﹕蚕豆荚﹕啤酒糟=1﹕3﹕4)和小麦秸秆为原材料,按鲜重比100%﹕0(MW)、25%﹕75%(X25)、50%﹕50%(X50)和75%﹕25%(X75)进行混合青贮,并对各混合青贮进行添加剂处理:添加1×106 cfu•g-1布氏乳杆菌(B),0.2% FW纤维素酶(C)和1×106 cfu•g-1鼠李糖乳杆菌(R),以无添加剂(CON)为对照,将不同处理的200g新鲜材料装入容积为250 mL的聚乙烯塑料瓶中。在室温下青贮60 d后,开窖分析发酵品质和营养成分。不同处理的青贮饲料与原料通过两层纱布和定性滤纸过滤,浸提液用于pH测定;将原材料和青贮饲料烘干至恒重后测定干物质含量(DM);蛋白质(CP)采用凯氏定氮法进行测定;采用范氏纤维测定法测定中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF);采用蒽酮-硫酸比色法测定水溶性碳水化合物含量(WSC);培养基培养微生物后计数;利用高效液相色谱仪分析有机酸;氨态氮含量(NH3-N)采用苯酚-次氯酸钠比色法测定。【结果】与MW相比,X25中NH3-N含量显著降低(P < 0.05);X50中pH和NH3-N含量显著下降(P<0.05);X75中pH和NH3-N含量显著降低,乳酸与乙酸比(LA/AA)显著升高(P < 0.05);此外,相比于MW,X25、X50和X75显著降低丁酸含量(P<0.05)。在MW中,与对照组相比,添加C显著降低pH和NH3-N含量(P < 0.05),显著增加乳酸(LA)含量和LA/AA(P<0.05)。在X25中,与对照组相比,添加C显著降低pH(P<0.05),提高LA含量(P<0.05);添加R显著降低NH3-N含量(P<0.05)。在X50中,与对照组相比,添加C显著降低pH和NH3-N含量(P < 0.05),添加B显著降低NH3-N含量(P<0.05)。在X75中,与对照组相比,添加C能够显著降低pH和NH3-N含量(P<0.05)。DM、NDF和ADF含量随小麦秸秆混合比例的增加而显著增加(P<0.05);相比之下,CP随小麦秸秆混合比例的增加而显著降低(P<0.05)。与MW相比,X25、X50和X75显著提高了 WSC含量(P<0.05)。在X25中,与对照组相比,添加C显著降低了NDF和ADF含量(P<0.05);在X50中,相比于对照组,添加B和C显著降低NDF含量(P<0.05);在X75中,相比于对照组,添加B、C和R显著降低NDF和ADF含量(P<0.05)。【结论】混合农副产物(西瓜皮﹕蚕豆荚﹕啤酒糟=1﹕3﹕4)单独青贮发酵品质较差,农副产物和小麦秸秆混合青贮能够改善发酵品质,小麦秸秆和农副产物(西瓜皮﹕蚕豆荚﹕啤酒糟=1﹕3﹕4)比例为50%﹕50%和75%﹕25%时为最佳混合比例;从营养品质来看,小麦秸秆和农副产物(西瓜皮﹕蚕豆荚﹕啤酒糟=1﹕3﹕4)比例为25%﹕75%和50%﹕50%时为最佳混合比例;综合考虑发酵品质和营养价值,小麦秸秆和农副产物(西瓜皮﹕蚕豆荚﹕啤酒糟=1﹕3﹕4)最适宜的混合比为50%﹕50%,添加C能够进一步提高发酵品质,改善营养成分。

关键词: 农副产物, 小麦秸秆, 混合青贮, 添加剂, 发酵品质

Abstract:

【Objective】With the continuous development of food industry and processing industry, a large number of agricultural by-products were produced, including watermelon rind, broad bean pod and beer lees, which caused serious environmental pollution. In order to improve the feeding degree of agricultural by-products and wheat straw and to reduce environmental pressure, in this study, the effects of additives on the fermentation quality of agricultural by-products (watermelon rind, broad bean pod and beer lees) mixed with wheat straw were investigated.【Method】The mixture of agricultural by-products (watermelon rind﹕broad bean pod﹕beer lees = 1﹕3﹕4) and wheat straw, as raw materials, were mixed in ratios at fresh weight of 100%﹕0 (MW), 25%﹕75% (X25), 50%﹕50% (X50) and 25%﹕75% (X75), and the mixed silages were treated with additives: 1×106 cfu•g-1Lactobacillus buchneri (B), 0.2% FW cellulase (C), and 1×106 cfu•g-1Lactobacillus rhamnosus (R), and without additives (CON) as the control. The 200 g of raw materials treated with different additives were put into 250 mL polyethylene plastic bottles. After ensiling for 60 days at room temperature, the silos were opened to analyze the fermentation quality and nutrient composition. The treated silages and raw materials were filtered by two layers of gauze and qualitative filter paper, and the extract was used for measuring the pH value. The raw materials and silage were dried to a constant weight and the dry matter (DM) was measured. The crude protein (CP) was determined by Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method. The contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined by the method of Van’s fiber determination. The water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) content was determined via the modified phenol-sulfuric acid method. The microorganisms were cultured and counted in the culture medium respectively. The organic acids were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. The ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content was determined by the phenol-hypochlorite reaction method. 【Result】 Compared with MW-treated silage, NH3-N content was notably decreased in X25-treated silage (P<0.05); pH and NH3-N content were decreased in X50-treated silage, significantly (P<0.05); pH and NH3-N content were notably decreased and the ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid (LA/AA) was notably increased in X75-treated silage, respectively (P<0.05). In addition, compared with the MW-treated silage, the butyric acid content was reduced in X25-, X50- and X75-treated silage, notably (P<0.05). In MW-treated silage, compared with the control, adding C significantly decreased the pH and NH3-N content (P<0.05), and increased the lactic acid (LA) content and LA/AA (P<0.05). In X25-treated silage, compared with the control, adding C decreased the pH and increased the LA content, significantly (P<0.05); adding B decreased the NH3-N content, notably (P<0.05). In X75-treated silage, compared with the control, adding C decreased the pH and increased the lactic acid content, significantly (P<0.05). As the increase of wheat straw mixing ratio, the contents of DM, NDF and ADF was increased, significantly (P<0.05). In contrast, the CP content was decreased, significantly (P<0.05). Compared with MW-treated silage, X25-, X50- and X75-treated silage increased WSC content, notably (P<0.05). In X25-treated silage, compared with the control, the addition of C significantly reduced the contents of NDF and ADF (P<0.05). In X50-treated silage, the addition of B and C significantly reduced the NDF content (P<0.05). In X75-treated silage, compared with the control, the addition of B, C and R reduced the contents of NDF and ADF, notably (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】The fermentation quality of mixed agricultural by-products (watermelon skin﹕broad bean pod﹕beer bad = 1﹕3﹕4) was poor. The mixed silage of agricultural by-products and wheat straw could improve the fermentation quality, and the best mixture ratios of wheat straw and agricultural by-products (watermelon rind﹕broad bean pod﹕beer lees = 1﹕3﹕4) were 50%﹕50% and 75%﹕25%. In terms of nutrition quality, X25 and X50 were the best mixture ratios of wheat straw and agricultural by-products (watermelon rind﹕broad bean pod﹕beer lees = 1﹕3﹕4) were 25%﹕75% and 50%﹕50%. Comprehensively considered the fermentation quality and nutritive value, the optimum mixing ratio of agricultural by-products (watermelon rind﹕broad bean pod﹕beer lees = 1﹕3﹕4) and wheat straw was 50%﹕50%, and the addition of cellulose could further enhance the fermentation quality and improve the nutritional composition.

Key words: agricultural by-products, wheat straw, mixed silage, additives, fermentation quality