大气CO2浓度升高与氮肥互作对玉米花后碳氮代谢及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究大气CO₂浓度升高（eCO₂）及氮肥施用对夏玉米开花吐丝后不同组分碳氮代谢物含量及动态和产量的影响,为全球气候变化下玉米生理过程及产量形成的变化提供理论支撑,同时为玉米作物模型调参提供实证数据。【方法】利用自由大气CO₂富集（FACE）平台,以夏玉米品种农大108为试验材料开展田间试验。在常规大气CO₂浓度（aCO₂,(400±15) μmol·mol^-1）和高CO₂浓度（eCO₂,(550±20) μmol·mol^-1）下分别设置不施氮（ZN）和施氮（CN,180 kg N·hm^-2）2个氮水平。对夏玉米产量及其构成要素、干物质积累、花后碳代谢物（可溶性糖、淀粉、总碳）动态和氮代谢物（硝态氮,游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、非溶性氮化合物细胞壁氮素和类囊体氮素、总氮）动态以及碳氮比动态进行监测。【结果】（1） eCO₂与施氮对夏玉米生物量积累有一定促进作用,但对产量及产量构成因素的影响均不显著。（2）eCO₂使玉米花后功能叶碳组份中的可溶性糖浓度显著提高,灌浆后期叶片碳氮比显著提高。（3）eCO₂下花后玉米功能叶氮代谢中的必需功能氮组分浓度未受影响,而一些结构性氮组分浓度有降低,eCO₂对功能叶中功能氮组分（如可溶性蛋白）的含量没有显著影响;氮代谢中的简单组分（如游离氨基酸）在功能叶中的浓度仅在开花期比aCO₂有显著增加,后期没有显著影响;但eCO₂下氮代谢中的非溶性氮组分（如细胞壁氮素和类囊体氮素）含量在花后一些时期显著降低。（4）氮肥施用使玉米从抽雄到灌浆后期功能叶非结构性碳水化合物（如可溶性糖）浓度、硝态氮浓度、细胞壁氮素和类囊体氮素含量显著提高;中等土壤肥力下不施氮处理的功能叶可溶性蛋白含量没有受影响,但非溶性氮组分（如类囊体氮和细胞壁氮）含量降低,氮素优先满足作物生长必需的可溶性蛋白。（5）eCO₂和氮肥交互作用对不同组分碳氮代谢物的影响不同,体现在不同时期,主要表现为提高了玉米功能叶简单碳氮组分（如可溶性糖和硝态氮）在后期的浓度,且碳氮比提高;提高了灌浆初期细胞壁氮素含量,功能叶总氮浓度仅在灌浆后期表现降低、其他时期没有显著影响。【结论】eCO₂对夏玉米的生物量增加有一定作用,玉米穗位叶碳氮比在一些时期显著增加,但对产量无显著影响;eCO₂下玉米花后穗位叶非结构性碳水化合物浓度增加,但总氮和非溶性氮素化合物在花后均发生不同程度降低。在未来大气CO₂浓度升高为特征之一的气候变化情景下,合理增施氮肥对促进作物碳氮代谢的协调有一定必要性。

关键词: 玉米, CO₂浓度升高, 氮肥, 产量, 碳氮代谢

Abstract:

【Objective】 To provide the theoretical support on the mechanism on the sustainable production of maize under future climate change and give suggestions on associate parameter adjustment for crop models, the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂concentrations (eCO₂) and nitrogen application on the content and dynamics of different carbon and nitrogen metabolites after flowering of summer maize were studied. 【Method】 Based on the free atmospheric CO₂enrichment (FACE) platform, a field experiment was carried out with Nongda 108, a summer maize variety, as the experimental material. Two nitrogen levels (ZN-zero nitrogen and CN-180 kg N·hm^-2) were set under the ambient atmospheric CO₂ concentration (aCO₂) of about (400±15) μmol·mol^-1 and high CO₂concentration of (550±20) μmol·mol^-1, respectively. The following measurements were monitored in the experiment: the maize yield and its components, accumulation of dry matter, content and dynamics of carbon metabolites, including non-structural carbohydrates (ie. soluble sugar and starch), total carbon and nitrogen metabolites including soluble nitrogen (ie. nitrate nitrogen, free amino acids, and soluble protein), and insoluble nitrogen compounds (ie. cell walls-N, thylakoid-N, and total-N), and the carbon to nitrogen ratio. 【Result】 (1) eCO₂ and nitrogen application could promote the accumulation of biomass of summer maize, however the effects on maize yield and yield components were not significant. (2) Under eCO₂, the concentration of soluble sugar, one of the components of carbon metabolites, showed significant increase in the functional leaves after the flowering stage, as well as the C/N ration at the late seed-filling stage. (3) Under eCO₂, the concentration of essential functional N components did not show obvious variation in the functional leaves after the flowering stage, but the content of some structural nitrogen components were decreased: The content of soluble protein, the functional N component, was not affected by eCO₂ in the functional leaves. The concentration of free amino acid, one of the simple N components, only showed increase at the flowering stage and then showed less change at the later growth period compared with that under aCO₂. However, the content of cell wall-N and thylakoid-N, the non-soluble N components, were significantly decreased at the late period after flowering stage. (4) Nitrogen fertilizer application could increase the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates (soluble sugars) and nitrate-N significantly in functional leaves from tasseling to the later stage of filling, as well as the content of cell wall-N and thylacoid-N. However, the content of soluble protein was not affected in functional leaves without nitrogen application under the medium soil fertility. In comparison, the content of thylakoid-N and cell wall-N showed decrease in the functional leaves in the treatment without nitrogen fertilizer application, implying that nitrogen was usually preferentially supplied for the soluble protein to meet the necessary requirement of crop growth. (5) The interaction function of eCO₂ and nitrogen fertilizer showed difference for varied components of the carbon and nitrogen metabolites, usually exhibited at different stages: combination of N application and eCO₂ improved the concentration of simple carbon and nitrogen components, such as soluble sugars and nitrate nitrogen in the later stage of maize functional leaves, and increased the C/N ration. The content of cell wall nitrogen could be increased at the early stage of grouting for summer maize. For total nitrogen content in functional leaves, it showed decreased only at the later stage of seed filling grouting, and there was no other impact on the total nitrogen at other stages in summer maize growth period. 【Conclusion】 eCO₂ had a certain effect on the biomass increase of summer maize, and the carbon nitrogen ratio of ear to leaf increase significantly in some stages, but had no significant effect on the yield. Under eCO₂, the content of unstructured carbohydrates in ear leaves increased, but the total nitrogen and insoluble nitrogen compounds decreased to different degrees after flowering. Therefore, it was important to increase nitrogen application level rationally under the future climate change scenarios in which eCO₂ would be one of the characteristics.

Key words: maize(Zea mays L.), elevated CO₂ concentration, nitrogen fertilizer, production, carbon and nitrogen metabolism

李明,李迎春,牛晓光,马芬,魏娜,郝兴宇,董李冰,郭李萍. 大气CO₂浓度升高与氮肥互作对玉米花后碳氮代谢及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(17): 3647-3665.

LI Ming,LI YingChun,NIU XiaoGuang,MA Fen,WEI Na,HAO XingYu,DONG LiBing,GUO LiPing. Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO₂ Concentration and Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Yield of Summer Maize and Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism After Flowering[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(17): 3647-3665.

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处理 Treatment		穗重 Ear weight (g)	穗粒重 Kernel weight (g)	千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (t·hm^-2)
ZN-aCO₂		185.2±14.7a	129.6±8.2a	264.6±8.3a	8.64±0.55a
ZN-eCO₂		184.6±14.4a	129.8±0.3a	264.0±2.8a	8.65±0.02a
CN-aCO₂		202.9±6.4a	132.7±0.2a	270.0±0.7a	8.85±0.01a
CN-eCO₂		203.9±8.3a	135.6±5.9a	272.0±4.5a	9.04±0.40a
差异显著性 Significance	CO₂	ns	ns	ns	ns
	N	ns	ns	ns	ns
	CO₂×N	ns	ns	ns	ns

大气CO₂浓度升高与氮肥互作对玉米花后碳氮代谢及产量的影响

Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO₂ Concentration and Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Yield of Summer Maize and Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism After Flowering

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