中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (10): 2091-2100.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.10.015
张文强1,陈青君1(),张国庆1,石世达1,曹娜1,阿布来提·托合提热结甫1,果禹鑫2,林文才3
收稿日期:
2019-12-04
接受日期:
2020-02-02
出版日期:
2020-05-16
发布日期:
2020-05-22
通讯作者:
陈青君
作者简介:
张文强,E-mail:wqzhang1994@126.com。
基金资助:
ZHANG WenQiang1,CHEN QingJun1(),ZHANG GuoQing1,SHI ShiDa1,CAO Na1,ABLAT· Tohtirjap1,GUO YuXin2,LIN WenCai3
Received:
2019-12-04
Accepted:
2020-02-02
Online:
2020-05-16
Published:
2020-05-22
Contact:
QingJun CHEN
摘要:
【目的】 研究蛋白添加剂对双孢菇农艺性状及品质的影响,为工厂化双孢蘑菇蛋白添加剂的开发、应用与评价提供参考。【方法】 以豆粕(SM)、膨化大豆(ES)、玉米蛋白(CP)和羽毛粉(FM)4种单一蛋白原料为添加剂,以1种蛋白型商业添加剂MCSubstradd?(MCS)作为阳性对照、无添加剂为空白对照(CTL),添加剂的使用量根据其蛋白含量决定,蛋白添加量占发酵料的0.5%。覆土前,添加剂与新鲜3次发酵料混合,栽培菌株为W192,按照工厂化栽培工艺进行菇房管理,采收三潮蘑菇。参照UPOV测定子实体产量、菌盖直径、菌盖厚度、单菇重量、硬度等农艺性状;用凯氏定氮法测定子实体蛋白质含量,用氨基酸自动分析仪测定子实体氨基酸含量。【结果】 SM、ES、CP均能有效提高蘑菇产量。4个试验组中,CP组总产量最高,达到35.24 kg?m-2,较CTL组增产24.26%,生物学效率达到105.98%,显著高于其他3个试验组和CTL组,略高于MCS组。每t培养料中添加剂产生的经济效益分析显示,CP组增收最高,为785.23元。SM具有很好的缓释作用,三潮菇产量分别占总产量的48.72%、35.09%和16.19%,接近MCS组缓释效果。ES在提高产量的同时,显著提高第一、二潮蘑菇的硬度品质。5种蛋白添加剂均显著提高3个潮次蘑菇子实体的蛋白质含量,含量最高的3种氨基酸均分别为葡萄糖(Glu)、缬氨酸(Val)和天冬氨酸(Asp)。添加FM和CP能显著提高蘑菇子实体的呈味氨基酸含量,提升蘑菇的风味和口感。【结论】 蛋白添加剂均可以有效提高蘑菇产量,对子实体农艺性状和品质影响存在特异性。综合多种添加剂原料的特异性优势,开发复合、缓释型添加剂,实现双孢蘑菇优质高产,是今后双孢蘑菇添加剂的研究方向。
张文强,陈青君,张国庆,石世达,曹娜,阿布来提·托合提热结甫,果禹鑫,林文才. 蛋白添加剂对双孢蘑菇农艺性状及品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(10): 2091-2100.
ZHANG WenQiang,CHEN QingJun,ZHANG GuoQing,SHI ShiDa,CAO Na,ABLAT· Tohtirjap,GUO YuXin,LIN WenCai. Effects of Protein Supplements on Agronomic Characters and Quality of the Mushroom Agaricus bisporus[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(10): 2091-2100.
表1
蛋白添加剂原料理化性质"
添加原料 Supplementation | 含水量 Moisture (%) | 含氮量 Nitrogen content (%) | 蛋白含量 Protein content (%) | 灰分含量 Ash content (%) | 含碳量 Carbon content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SM | 9.88±0.13b | 7.85±0.42c | 49.08±0.26c | 7.03±0.03a | 51.65±0.02b |
ES | 9.07±0.85b | 5.89±0.09d | 36.81±0.58d | 5.38±0.03b | 52.56±0.02b |
CP | 7.39±0.11c | 10.41±0.07b | 65.04±0.45b | 1.30±0.05c | 54.83±0.03a |
FM | 7.07±0.07c | 13.86±0.02a | 86.63±0.12a | 5.17±0.08b | 52.69±0.04b |
MCS | 12.63±0.01a | 7.02±0.12c | 43.87±0.75c | 6.93±0.06a | 51.70±0.03b |
表2
蛋白添加剂原料生产添加量、成本、增产量和经济效益"
添加剂Supplementation | 豆粕SM | 膨化大豆ES | 玉米蛋白CP | 羽毛粉FM | MCS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
添加剂添加量Amount of supplementations (kg) | 12.69 | 15.93 | 8.97 | 6.21 | 13.05 |
添加剂成本Cost of supplementations (Yuan) | 41.24 | 58.94 | 40.37 | 24.22 | 65.25 |
蘑菇增产量 Mushroom increased output (kg) | 30.72 | 33.36 | 82.56 | -2.16 | 61.44 |
添加剂经济效益 Economic benefit of supplementations (Yuan) | 265.96 | 274.66 | 785.23 | -45.82 | 549.15 |
表3
不同蛋白添加剂组的双孢蘑菇产量"
处理 Treatment | 一潮菇 1st flush | 二潮菇 2nd flush | 三潮菇 3rd flush | 总产量 Total yield (kg?m-2) | 生物学效率 Biological efficiency (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SM | Y | 15.06±0.67c | 10.85±0.58c | 5.01±0.33b | 30.92±0.60b | 93.00±1.81b |
P | 48.72% | 35.09% | 16.19% | |||
ES | Y | 18.08±0.80a | 9.05±0.85d | 4.01±0.23c | 31.14±1.53b | 93.65±4.61b |
P | 58.06% | 29.06% | 12.88% | |||
CP | Y | 19.31±0.99a | 12.41±0.90b | 3.52±0.25c | 35.24±2.13a | 105.98±6.41a |
P | 54.81% | 35.22% | 9.98% | |||
FM | Y | 17.59±0.93b | 7.37±0.99e | 3.22±0.22d | 28.18±1.56d | 84.74±4.69d |
P | 62.43% | 26.14% | 11.43% | |||
MCS | Y | 13.46±0.36d | 14.39±0.28a | 5.62±0.40a | 33.48±1.04a | 100.68±3.13a |
P | 40.21% | 43.00% | 16.79% | |||
CTL | Y | 12.96±0.10d | 12.06±1.04b | 3.35±0.35d | 28.36±1.31c | 85.30±3.94c |
P | 45.68% | 42.51% | 11.81% |
表4
不同蛋白添加剂组的双孢蘑菇农艺性状"
处理组 Treatment | 菌盖直径 Pileus diameter (mm) | 菌盖厚度 Pileus thickness (mm) | 硬度 Hardness (105 Pa) | 单菇重 Mushroom weight (g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
一潮菇 1st flush | SM | 41.31±3.17a | 22.25±4.06a | 7.69±0.80c | 24.29±0.61a |
ES | 39.26±2.68b | 20.76±1.65c | 9.64±1.53a | 22.73±0.81b | |
CP | 38.49±2.75c | 21.15±1.70b | 7.37±0.58d | 22.03±0.14b | |
FM | 38.49±2.89c | 20.09±2.33c | 7.62±1.00c | 21.75±0.04c | |
MCS | 42.49±3.45a | 22.94±1.95a | 9.39±1.42a | 22.73±0.50b | |
CTL | 41.60±3.11a | 22.89±1.76a | 8.09±0.87b | 20.98±0.28d | |
二潮菇 2nd flush | SM | 38.68±2.93c | 20.12±1.47c | 6.09±0.66c | 21.32±0.41b |
ES | 41.79±2.16a | 22.55±1.06a | 8.67±1.03a | 23.68±0.47a | |
CP | 42.20±2.49a | 22.64±1.30a | 7.07±0.58b | 21.82±0.69b | |
FM | 39.08±3.31b | 21.66±1.44b | 5.34±0.54d | 19.64±0.51c | |
MCS | 38.45±2.27c | 19.95±1.49c | 6.14±0.49c | 18.00±0.25c | |
CTL | 39.77±3.25b | 21.17±1.99b | 5.06±0.39d | 17.14±0.01c | |
三潮菇 3rd flush | SM | 39.26±3.90b | 22.38±2.10b | 5.14±0.29a | 20.83±0.14a |
ES | 39.13±3.19b | 22.24±1.78b | 5.17±0.36a | 20.44±0.21a | |
CP | 39.89±3.76a | 22.65±1.92b | 5.65±0.28a | 20.62±0.52a | |
FM | 39.02±3.32b | 23.63±2.11a | 5.11±0.37a | 20.00±0.14b | |
MCS | 39.84±4.84a | 23.37±3.12a | 5.16±0.34a | 20.33±0.25b | |
CTL | 37.51±2.73b | 21.89±1.87c | 4.70±0.23b | 20.65±0.02a |
表5
不同蛋白添加剂组的双孢蘑菇蛋白质含量"
处理组 Treatment | 蛋白质含量Protein content(%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
一潮菇 1st flush | 二潮菇 2nd flush | 三潮菇 3rd flush | |
SM | 27.55±0.08e | 25.23±0.23c | 36.67±0.02b |
ES | 39.10±0.61a | 26.39±0.01a | 36.38±0.33b |
CP | 37.55±0.06b | 24.77±0.17c | 40.21±0.61a |
FM | 30.46±0.71d | 25.78±0.38b | 36.46±0.57b |
MCS | 32.18±0.04c | 24.80±0.61c | 34.14±0.56c |
CTL | 26.47±0.01f | 22.92±0.30d | 27.63±0.29d |
表6
不同蛋白添加剂组的双孢蘑菇氨基酸组成"
氨基酸组成 Amino acid composition | 处理 Treatment | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SM | ES | CP | FM | MCS | CTL | ||
一潮菇 1st flush | TAA (mg?g-1) | 194.58±8.46b | 173.44±4.10b | 184.22±0.48b | 230.66±2.18a | 217.60±16.97a | 190.30±10.18b |
EAA (mg?g-1) | 78.78±3.31b | 69.74±1.90c | 74.16±0.28b | 86.50±0.70a | 87.05±3.46a | 74.10±5.09b | |
NEAA(mg?g-1) | 115.8±5.15b | 103.70±2.20c | 110.05±0.75c | 144.16±2.88a | 130.55±13.51a | 116.20±5.09b | |
DAA(mg?g-1) | 95.51±4.09b | 83.87±2.29c | 87.85±1.29c | 111.08±1.30a | 94.20±4.24b | 91.55±3.75c | |
E/T (%) | 40.49±0.06a | 40.21±0.15a | 40.26±0.25a | 37.50±0.66b | 40.06±1.53a | 38.92±0.59a | |
E/N | 0.68±0.00a | 0.67±0.00a | 0.67±0.01a | 0.60±0.02b | 0.67±0.04a | 0.64±0.02a | |
二潮菇 2nd flush | TAA (mg?g-1) | 179.85±9.90c | 252.44±28.88b | 295.75±16.83a | 196.43±5.54c | 191.90±7.21c | 155.45±4.17c |
EAA (mg?g-1) | 70.54±7.48b | 94.74±11.41a | 109.61±5.86a | 79.15±1.27b | 76.25±4.31b | 60.15±1.34c | |
NEAA (mg?g-1) | 109.31±2.42c | 157.70±17.47b | 186.14±10.97a | 117.28±4.26c | 115.65±2.90c | 95.30±2.83c | |
DAA (mg?g-1) | 82.90±2.70c | 129.00±14.84b | 147.99±9.06a | 88.44±1.33c | 89.15±3.61c | 72.75±2.47c | |
E/T (%) | 39.16±2.00b | 37.51±0.23b | 37.07±0.13c | 40.30±0.54a | 39.72±0.75a | 38.70±0.17b | |
E/N | 0.64±0.05b | 0.60±0.01b | 0.59±0.00c | 0.68±0.02a | 0.66±0.02a | 0.63±0.00b | |
三潮菇 3rd flush | TAA (mg?g-1) | 223.63±12.43a | 240.19±6.81a | 233.43±5.31a | 244.52±19.71a | 226.40±4.10a | 197.80±10.89b |
EAA (mg?g-1) | 89.78±1.45a | 91.20±4.39a | 88.52±3.59a | 93.63±8.77a | 83.05±2.62a | 76.70±5.09b | |
NEAA (mg?g-1) | 133.85±13.88a | 148.99±2.42a | 144.91±1.71a | 154.71±10.41a | 143.35±1.48a | 121.10±5.80b | |
DAA (mg?g-1) | 104.47±12.71b | 120.55±0.77a | 107.15±0.31b | 125.26±6.10a | 108.35±3.04b | 94.80±8.34b | |
E/T (%) | 40.23±2.88a | 37.96±0.75b | 37.91±0.68b | 37.68±0.62b | 36.68±0.49c | 38.76±0.44b | |
E/N | 0.67±0.08a | 0.61±0.02b | 0.61±0.02b | 0.60±0.02b | 0.58±0.01c | 0.63±0.01b |
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