蛋白添加剂对双孢蘑菇农艺性状及品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.10.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究蛋白添加剂对双孢菇农艺性状及品质的影响,为工厂化双孢蘑菇蛋白添加剂的开发、应用与评价提供参考。【方法】以豆粕（SM）、膨化大豆（ES）、玉米蛋白（CP）和羽毛粉（FM）4种单一蛋白原料为添加剂,以1种蛋白型商业添加剂MCSubstradd?（MCS）作为阳性对照、无添加剂为空白对照（CTL）,添加剂的使用量根据其蛋白含量决定,蛋白添加量占发酵料的0.5%。覆土前,添加剂与新鲜3次发酵料混合,栽培菌株为W192,按照工厂化栽培工艺进行菇房管理,采收三潮蘑菇。参照UPOV测定子实体产量、菌盖直径、菌盖厚度、单菇重量、硬度等农艺性状;用凯氏定氮法测定子实体蛋白质含量,用氨基酸自动分析仪测定子实体氨基酸含量。【结果】 SM、ES、CP均能有效提高蘑菇产量。4个试验组中,CP组总产量最高,达到35.24 kg?m^-2,较CTL组增产24.26%,生物学效率达到105.98%,显著高于其他3个试验组和CTL组,略高于MCS组。每t培养料中添加剂产生的经济效益分析显示,CP组增收最高,为785.23元。SM具有很好的缓释作用,三潮菇产量分别占总产量的48.72%、35.09%和16.19%,接近MCS组缓释效果。ES在提高产量的同时,显著提高第一、二潮蘑菇的硬度品质。5种蛋白添加剂均显著提高3个潮次蘑菇子实体的蛋白质含量,含量最高的3种氨基酸均分别为葡萄糖（Glu）、缬氨酸（Val）和天冬氨酸（Asp）。添加FM和CP能显著提高蘑菇子实体的呈味氨基酸含量,提升蘑菇的风味和口感。【结论】蛋白添加剂均可以有效提高蘑菇产量,对子实体农艺性状和品质影响存在特异性。综合多种添加剂原料的特异性优势,开发复合、缓释型添加剂,实现双孢蘑菇优质高产,是今后双孢蘑菇添加剂的研究方向。

关键词: 双孢蘑菇, 添加剂, 农艺性状, 蛋白质含量, 氨基酸含量

Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of protein supplements on the agronomic characters and quality of mushroom Agaricus bisporus were studied in the study, so as to provide a reference for the development, application and evaluation of Agaricus bisporus protein supplements. 【Method】 Four single protein raw materials were investigated as protein supplements, including soybean meal (SM), extruded soybean (ES), corn protein (CP) and Feather meal (FM). Commercial supplement (MCSubstradd?, MCS) was used as a positive control, and an unsupplemented compost was used as a blank control (CTL). The dosage of each supplement was determined based on their protein content and with a final protein dosage of 0.5% in the compost. Before casing, the supplements were thoroughly mixed with fresh Phase III compost. The mushroom strain was W192. Mushroom cultivation was carried out in accordance with the factory cultivation process mushroom room management. Three flush mushrooms were harvested, and yield, diameter and thickness of pileus, weight of single mushroom, and hardness characters were determined with reference to UPOV. Protein content was determined by kjeldahl method, and amino acid content was determined by amino acid analyzer. 【Result】 SM, ES and CP could effectively increase the mushroom yield. Among the four experimental groups, CP group manifested the highest total yield of 35.24 kg?m^-2 with the yield increasing rate of 24.26% towards CTL group. Its biological efficiency was 105.98%, which was significantly higher than that of the other three assayed groups and CTL group, and slightly higher than that of MCS group. CP group demonstrated considerably high sustained-release effect with three flush yield of 48.72%, 35.09%, 16.19%, respectively, which was close to that of MCS group. Economic benefit analysis showed that CP group demonstrated the highest increasing benefit of 785 yuan in one ton compost. ES group showed high yield with significantly high hardness character in the first two flush. All the five protein supplements could significantly enhance the protein content in the fruiting bodies in all the three flush. In all the groups, the three amino acids with the highest content were Glu, Val, and Asp. FM and CP could enhance the content of delicious amino acids, which raised the flavor and taste of mushrooms. 【Conclusion】 Protein supplements could effectively increase mushroom yield, and had specific effects on the agronomic characters and qualities of fruiting bodies. Focusing on specific advantages of various additives, developing mixed and sustained-release supplements could achieve high quality and high yield of A. bisporus, which was the research direction of mushroom supplements in the future.

Key words: Agaricus bisporus, supplementations, agronomic characteristics, amino acid, protein content

张文强,陈青君,张国庆,石世达,曹娜,阿布来提·托合提热结甫,果禹鑫,林文才. 蛋白添加剂对双孢蘑菇农艺性状及品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(10): 2091-2100.

ZHANG WenQiang,CHEN QingJun,ZHANG GuoQing,SHI ShiDa,CAO Na,ABLAT· Tohtirjap,GUO YuXin,LIN WenCai. Effects of Protein Supplements on Agronomic Characters and Quality of the Mushroom Agaricus bisporus[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(10): 2091-2100.

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添加原料 Supplementation	含水量 Moisture (%)	含氮量 Nitrogen content (%)	蛋白含量 Protein content (%)	灰分含量 Ash content (%)	含碳量 Carbon content (%)
SM	9.88±0.13b	7.85±0.42c	49.08±0.26c	7.03±0.03a	51.65±0.02b
ES	9.07±0.85b	5.89±0.09d	36.81±0.58d	5.38±0.03b	52.56±0.02b
CP	7.39±0.11c	10.41±0.07b	65.04±0.45b	1.30±0.05c	54.83±0.03a
FM	7.07±0.07c	13.86±0.02a	86.63±0.12a	5.17±0.08b	52.69±0.04b
MCS	12.63±0.01a	7.02±0.12c	43.87±0.75c	6.93±0.06a	51.70±0.03b

添加剂Supplementation	豆粕SM	膨化大豆ES	玉米蛋白CP	羽毛粉FM	MCS
添加剂添加量Amount of supplementations (kg)	12.69	15.93	8.97	6.21	13.05
添加剂成本Cost of supplementations (Yuan)	41.24	58.94	40.37	24.22	65.25
蘑菇增产量 Mushroom increased output (kg)	30.72	33.36	82.56	-2.16	61.44
添加剂经济效益 Economic benefit of supplementations (Yuan)	265.96	274.66	785.23	-45.82	549.15

处理 Treatment		一潮菇 1st flush	二潮菇 2nd flush	三潮菇 3rd flush	总产量 Total yield (kg?m^-2)	生物学效率 Biological efficiency (%)
SM	Y	15.06±0.67c	10.85±0.58c	5.01±0.33b	30.92±0.60b	93.00±1.81b
SM	P	48.72%	35.09%	16.19%	30.92±0.60b	93.00±1.81b
ES	Y	18.08±0.80a	9.05±0.85d	4.01±0.23c	31.14±1.53b	93.65±4.61b
ES	P	58.06%	29.06%	12.88%	31.14±1.53b	93.65±4.61b
CP	Y	19.31±0.99a	12.41±0.90b	3.52±0.25c	35.24±2.13a	105.98±6.41a
CP	P	54.81%	35.22%	9.98%	35.24±2.13a	105.98±6.41a
FM	Y	17.59±0.93b	7.37±0.99e	3.22±0.22d	28.18±1.56d	84.74±4.69d
FM	P	62.43%	26.14%	11.43%	28.18±1.56d	84.74±4.69d
MCS	Y	13.46±0.36d	14.39±0.28a	5.62±0.40a	33.48±1.04a	100.68±3.13a
MCS	P	40.21%	43.00%	16.79%	33.48±1.04a	100.68±3.13a
CTL	Y	12.96±0.10d	12.06±1.04b	3.35±0.35d	28.36±1.31c	85.30±3.94c
CTL	P	45.68%	42.51%	11.81%	28.36±1.31c	85.30±3.94c

处理组 Treatment		菌盖直径 Pileus diameter (mm)	菌盖厚度 Pileus thickness (mm)	硬度 Hardness (10⁵ Pa)	单菇重 Mushroom weight (g)
一潮菇 1st flush	SM	41.31±3.17a	22.25±4.06a	7.69±0.80c	24.29±0.61a
	ES	39.26±2.68b	20.76±1.65c	9.64±1.53a	22.73±0.81b
	CP	38.49±2.75c	21.15±1.70b	7.37±0.58d	22.03±0.14b
	FM	38.49±2.89c	20.09±2.33c	7.62±1.00c	21.75±0.04c
	MCS	42.49±3.45a	22.94±1.95a	9.39±1.42a	22.73±0.50b
	CTL	41.60±3.11a	22.89±1.76a	8.09±0.87b	20.98±0.28d
二潮菇 2nd flush	SM	38.68±2.93c	20.12±1.47c	6.09±0.66c	21.32±0.41b
	ES	41.79±2.16a	22.55±1.06a	8.67±1.03a	23.68±0.47a
	CP	42.20±2.49a	22.64±1.30a	7.07±0.58b	21.82±0.69b
	FM	39.08±3.31b	21.66±1.44b	5.34±0.54d	19.64±0.51c
	MCS	38.45±2.27c	19.95±1.49c	6.14±0.49c	18.00±0.25c
	CTL	39.77±3.25b	21.17±1.99b	5.06±0.39d	17.14±0.01c
三潮菇 3rd flush	SM	39.26±3.90b	22.38±2.10b	5.14±0.29a	20.83±0.14a
	ES	39.13±3.19b	22.24±1.78b	5.17±0.36a	20.44±0.21a
	CP	39.89±3.76a	22.65±1.92b	5.65±0.28a	20.62±0.52a
	FM	39.02±3.32b	23.63±2.11a	5.11±0.37a	20.00±0.14b
	MCS	39.84±4.84a	23.37±3.12a	5.16±0.34a	20.33±0.25b
	CTL	37.51±2.73b	21.89±1.87c	4.70±0.23b	20.65±0.02a

处理组 Treatment	蛋白质含量Protein content（%）
处理组 Treatment	一潮菇 1st flush	二潮菇 2nd flush	三潮菇 3rd flush
SM	27.55±0.08e	25.23±0.23c	36.67±0.02b
ES	39.10±0.61a	26.39±0.01a	36.38±0.33b
CP	37.55±0.06b	24.77±0.17c	40.21±0.61a
FM	30.46±0.71d	25.78±0.38b	36.46±0.57b
MCS	32.18±0.04c	24.80±0.61c	34.14±0.56c
CTL	26.47±0.01f	22.92±0.30d	27.63±0.29d