解磷细菌和丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿生产性能及地下生物量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.13.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】解磷细菌（PSB）和丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）在促进作物养分吸收、提高作物产量等方面具有重要意义。探讨PSB和AMF对苜蓿生长及地下生物量的影响,明确PSB与AMF的相互作用对紫花苜蓿生长的机制,以期为紫花苜蓿人工栽培及其高效复合型微生物肥料的研制提供理论依据。【方法】试验采用单因素随机区组设计,选用4株菌,分别为具有高效解磷能力的巨大芽孢杆菌（Bm）和枯草芽孢杆菌（Bs）,以及能与苜蓿根系共生的摩西管柄囊霉（Fm）和幼套球囊霉（Ge）,并将这两类菌双接种,分别为BmBs、BmFm、BmGe、BsFm、BsGe、FmGe,以加灭活菌为对照（CK）,共计11个处理。测定接菌处理后紫花苜蓿地上生物量、株高、茎粗、粗蛋白含量、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、苜蓿植株磷含量、主根长、地下生物量、土壤pH、土壤全磷和速效磷含量,通过隶属函数法综合各项指标评价单接种菌和双接种菌对苜蓿的应用效果。【结果】紫花苜蓿的地上生物量、株高、茎粗、粗蛋白含量、植株磷含量、主根长、地下生物量和土壤速效磷含量均为接菌处理显著高于CK（P＜0.05）,土壤pH、全磷、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均显著低于CK（P＜0.05）。与CK相比,苜蓿地下生物量、株高和茎粗在单施解磷细菌Bm和Bs处理下分别增加了18.57%—24.49%、8.59%—21.33%和3.86%—9.54%,在单施丛枝菌根真菌Fm和Ge处理下分别增加了9.15%—27.35%、2.51%—18.60%和4.59—8.58%,双接种BmBs、BmFm、BmGe、BsFm、BsGe、FmGe处理下分别增加了7.66%—41.62%、7.44%—34.56%和5.58%—26.61%。单施Fm和Ge处理苜蓿的主根长均显著大于单施Bm和Bs处理（P＜0.05）,但Fm和Ge处理之间、Bm和Bs处理之间差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;双接菌处理中,FmGe处理苜蓿的主根长最长,且显著大于其他施菌处理（P＜0.05）,其中BmBs处理对紫花苜蓿主根长的效应最弱。相关性分析表明,除酸性洗涤纤维含量与茎粗呈负相关不显著（P＞0.05）,地下生物量与苜蓿磷呈正相关不显著（P＞0.05）,与土壤全磷呈负相关不显著（P＞0.05）外,其他各指标之间均为显著或极显著正相关、显著或极显著负相关。采用隶属函数法综合各项指标进行评价,对苜蓿生产性能影响较大的接菌处理前3位排序为BmFm、BmGe和FmGe处理。【结论】PSB和AMF同时接种,对苜蓿植株生长发育和磷营养促生效果优于单一接种PSB或AMF,其促进作用的大小与PSB和AMF的种类有关。从紫花苜蓿生长状况、植株的磷营养及地下生物量指标综合考虑,解磷细菌巨大芽孢杆菌（Bm）与丛枝菌根真菌摩西管柄囊霉（Fm）同时接种（即BmFm处理）,对紫花苜蓿的生长发育和磷营养的改善效果最好,其次是BmGe处理。

关键词: 苜蓿, 解磷细菌, 丛枝菌根真菌, 生产性能, 营养品质

Abstract:

【Objective】 Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in promoting nutrient uptake and increasing yield of crop. In order to explore the effects of PSB and AMF on growth and root biomass of alfalfa and to clarify the interaction between PSB and AMF, the mechanism of their effects on alfalfa growth were studied, so as to provide theoretical basis for alfalfa artificial cultivation and the development of high-efficiency compound microbial fertilizer. 【Method】 Single factor randomized block design was used in the experiment, and four kinds of bacteria were selected, including Bacillus megaterium (Bm) and Bacillus subtilis (Bs) with high phosphorus-solubilizing ability, and Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) and Glomus etunicatum (Ge), which could coexist with alfalfa roots, and the two types of bacteria were double inoculated with BmBs, BmFm, BmGe, BsFm, BsGe, FmGe, and adding inactivated bacteria as a control (CK), respectively. A total of 11 treatments.. After inoculation of the bacteria, the hay yield, plant height, stem diameter, crude protein concentration, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, phosphorus concentration, taproot length, root biomass of alfalfa were determined, and pH value, total phosphorus, available phosphorus concentration of soil were also analyzed. Then, the effects of single and double inoculation on alfalfa were evaluated by membership function analysis. 【Result】 The above-ground biomass, plant height, stem diameter, crude protein concentration, phosphorus concentration, taproot length, under-ground biomass, soil available phosphorus under inoculated bacteria treatments were significantly higher than that under CK (P＜0.05), while neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of alfalfa, pH value and total phosphorus concentration under soil inoculated bacteria treatments were significantly lower than that under CK (P＜0.05). Comparisons between inoculated bacteria and CK, above-ground biomass, plant height and stem diameter of alfalfa increased by 18.57%-24.49%, 8.59%-21.33% and 3.86%-9.54% under PSB in Bm and Bs treatments, respectively, and increased by 9.15%-27.35%, 2.51%-18.60 and 4.59%-8.58% under AMF in Fm and Ge treatments, respectively; BmBs, BmFm, BmGe, BsFm, BsGe, and FmGe treatments increased them by 7.66%-41.62%, 7.44%-34.56% and 5.58%-26.61%, respectively. The taproot length of alfalfa in single inoculated Fm and Ge treatments were significantly longer than those treated with Bm and Bs (P＜0.05), but the differences between Fm and Ge, Bm and Bs treatments were not significant (P＞0.05); Under the mixed inoculation treatments, the FmGe was the largest and significantly larger than that under other inoculation treatments in the taproot length of alfalfa (P＜0.05); BmBs treatments was the weakest. The correlation analysis showed that there was no significant negative correlation between acid detergent fiber concentration and stem diameter (P＞0.05); The under-ground biomass had no significant positive correlation with alfalfa phosphorus (P>0.05), and no significant negative correlation with soil total phosphorus (P＞0.05). The comprehensive assessment various indicator of alfalfa by a membership function analysis showed that BmFm＞BmGe＞FmGe, which were the top three treatments for alfalfa production performance. 【Conclusion】 The effect of simultaneous inoculation of PSB and AMF on alfalfa plant growth and phosphorus nutrition was better than that of single inoculation of PSB or AMF, and the effect was related to the types of PSB and AMF. Considering the growth status, plant phosphorus nutrition and underground biomass of alfalfa, the effect of simultaneous inoculation of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria was Bacillus megaterium (Bm) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus was Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) on alfalfa growth and phosphorus nutrition were well improved, and the next was BmGe treatments.

Key words: alfalfa, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), growth, nutritional quality

孙艳梅,张前兵,苗晓茸,刘俊英,于磊,马春晖. 解磷细菌和丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿生产性能及地下生物量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(13): 2230-2242.

SUN YanMei,ZHANG QianBing,MIAO XiaoRong,LIU JunYing,YU Lei,MA ChunHui. Effects of Phosphorus-Solubilizing Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Production Performance and Root Biomass of Alfalfa[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(13): 2230-2242.

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处理 Treatment	主根长 Taproot length (cm)	地下生物量 Under-ground biomass (g/pot)	pH	土壤全磷 Total phosphorus in soil (g·kg^-1)	土壤速效磷 Available phosphorus in soil (mg·kg^-1)
CK	28.87±0.36g	6.07±0.05k	7.63±0.13a	1.142±0.063a	20.95±0.14h
Bm	33.43±0.25f	10.86±0.13h	7.33±0.02cde	0.904±0.016fgh	28.63±0.37d
Bs	32.21±0.22f	9.27±0.06f	7.44±0.07bc	0.964±0.017def	25.25±0.26f
Fm	34.94±0.34e	14.93±0.14g	7.40±0.04bcd	1.073±0.047bc	27.56±0.31e
Ge	33.92±0.21e	13.87±0.15i	7.49±0.05b	1.021±0.020cd	25.55±0.24f
BmBs	31.94±0.42f	12.14±0.09i	7.41±0.11bc	1.094±0.019ab	23.37±0.22ab
BmFm	39.07±0.47b	19.07±0.19b	7.15±0.12f	0.836±0.018h	31.19±0.38a
BmGe	38.72±0.28b	17.33±0.11d	7.24±0.06ef	0.872±0.025gh	30.74±0.35ab
BsFm	36.14±0.12c	17.67±0.05c	7.34±0.05cde	0.926±0.022efg	30.42±0.29bc
BsGe	35.45±0.23d	16.04±0.13e	7.21±0.07ef	0.943±0.054ef	30.04±0.48c
FmGe	39.83±0.27a	20.94±0.18a	7.26±0.03def	0.977±0.060de	28.71±0.31d

处理 Treatment	地上生物量 Above-ground biomass (g/pot)		株高 Plant height (cm)		茎粗 Stem diameter (mm)
处理 Treatment	第1茬 First cut	第2茬 Second cut	第1茬 First cut	第2茬 Second cut	第1茬 First cut	第2茬 Second cut
CK	18.47±0.02i	13.31±0.08i	37.41±0.53i	32.26±0.42g	2.83±0.09h	2.44±0.03h
Bm	22.23±0.15e	16.57±0.17e	45.39±0.45d	36.91±0.49c	3.1±0.03ef	2.65±0.06def
Bs	21.90±0.21f	15.93±0.04f	43.25±0.26f	35.03±0.35de	3.01±0.02fg	2.52±0.05gh
Fm	21.74±0.05f	16.95±0.09d	44.37±0.82e	34.42±0.41e	3.15±0.03de	2.68±0.06de
Ge	20.16±0.24h	14.92±0.19g	42.21±0.38g	33.07±0.36f	2.96±0.05g	2.63±0.07def
BmBs	20.83±0.18g	14.33±0.22h	40.32±0.32h	34.66±0.25e	3.06±0.02ef	2.56±0.09fg
BmFm	25.31±0.11a	18.85±0.15a	50.34±0.39a	42.91±0.38a	3.32±0.05b	2.82±0.05b
BmGe	25.03±0.18a	18.07±0.25b	48.67±0.34b	36.75±0.24c	3.29±0.06bc	2.79±0.04bc
BsFm	23.76±0.21c	17.55±0.13c	46.42±0.51c	35.65±0.43d	3.28±0.07bc	2.74±0.03bcd
BsGe	23.28±0.18d	16.15±0.07f	45.63±0.35d	35.38±0.32d	3.22±0.04cd	2.71±0.09cde
FmGe	24.7±0.14b	18.20±0.14b	49.70±0.27a	40.08±0.34b	3.43±0.06a	3.05±0.02a

处理 Treatment	粗蛋白 Crude protein (%)		中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber (%)		酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber (%)		苜蓿磷 Phosphorus concentration in alfalfa (%)
处理 Treatment	第1茬 First cut	第2茬 Second cut	第1茬 First cut	第2茬 Second cut	第1茬 First cut	第2茬 Second cut	第1茬 First cut	第2茬 Second cut
CK	16.45±0.21h	17.58±0.11h	40.98±0.31a	41.78±0.53a	32.63±0.33a	32.98±0.44a	0.242±0.008f	0.223±0.002f
Bm	18.63±0.47cd	19.45±0.28bc	37.59±0.39de	40.40±0.49c	28.32±0.29f	28.52±0.33fg	0.294±0.009bc	0.255±0.008c
Bs	18.57±0.22cde	18.87±0.04ef	38.03±0.48d	41.28±0.38ab	29.56±0.33cd	29.63±0.46d	0.277±0.016cde	0.248±0.003cd
Fm	18.35±0.09def	19.05±0.14de	38.96±0.39bc	38.78±0.37e	28.87±0.36e	29.73±0.22d	0.266±0.022de	0.233±0.008ef
Ge	18.22±0.18bc	18.54±0.22fg	39.49±0.23b	41.65±0.28a	29.19±0.41de	30.88±0.26c	0.252±0.012ef	0.229±0.002ed
BmBs	17.94±0.23g	18.39±0.17g	38.88±0.47bc	41.62±0.26a	30.73±0.25b	31.94±0.31b	0.255±0.018ef	0.236±0.004e
BmFm	19.41±0.15a	19.99±0.26a	35.61±0.36g	37.87±0.28f	26.01±0.21i	27.14±0.32h	0.324±0.012a	0.288±0.007a
BmGe	19.13±0.21ab	19.72±0.24ab	36.81±0.32f	39.43±0.23d	27.75±0.22g	28.26±0.06g	0.303±0.016ab	0.269±0.005b
BsFm	18.79±0.16bc	19.35±0.15bcd	37.14±0.16ef	39.61±0.27d	26.65±0.34h	29.03±0.31ef	0.291±0.002bcd	0.253±0.009cd
BsGe	18.05±0.14fg	18.82±0.28df	38.67±0.35c	41.47±0.34ab	28.98±0.27e	29.46±0.38de	0.286±0.017bcd	0.247±0.009cd
FmGe	18.46±0.08cde	19.20±0.25cde	36.77±0.19f	40.88±0.33bc	29.89±0.38c	30.81±0.25c	0.290±0.007bcd	0.239±0.006de

指标 Index	主根长Taproot	地下生物量Under-ground biomass	pH	全磷 Total phosphorus	速效磷Available phosphorus	地上生物量 Above-ground biomass	株高 Plant height	茎粗 Stem	粗蛋白 Crude protein	中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber	酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber
地下生物量Under-ground biomass	0.957**
pH	-0.857**	-0.807**
全磷 Total phosphorus	-0.714*	-0.576	0.822**
速效磷 Available phosphorus	0.863**	0.811**	-0.903**	-0.874**
地上生物量Above-ground biomass	0.939**	0.856**	-0.906**	-0.840**	0.923**
株高 Plant height	0.918**	0.825**	-0.900**	-0.821**	0.847**	0.956**
茎粗 Stem	0.958**	0.947**	-0.840**	-0.620*	0.814**	0.910**	0.897**
粗蛋白 Crude protein	0.807**	0.705*	-0.820**	-0.886**	0.877**	0.902**	0.859**	0.715*
中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber	-0.808**	-0.713*	0.790**	0.796**	-0.829**	-0.914**	-0.895**	-0.741**	-0.923**
酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber	-0.692*	-0.607*	0.776**	0.905**	-0.900**	-0.822**	-0.762**	-0.576	-0.934**	0.883**
苜蓿磷 Phosphorus concentration in alfalfa	0.719*	0.570	-0.847**	-0.936**	0.824**	0.874**	0.882**	0.642*	0.875**	-0.900**	-0.877**

指标Index	CK	Bm	Bs	Fm	Ge	BmBs	BmFm	BmGe	BsFm	BsGe	FmGe
主根长Taproot	0.000	0.415	0.304	0.552	0.460	0.280	0.927	0.896	0.661	0.599	1.000
地下生物量Under-ground biomass	0.000	0.323	0.216	0.596	0.525	0.409	0.874	0.757	0.780	0.671	1.000
pH	0.000	0.625	0.396	0.479	0.292	0.458	1.000	0.813	0.604	0.875	0.771
全磷Total phosphorus	0.000	0.775	0.580	0.225	0.394	0.156	1.000	0.879	0.704	0.648	0.537
速效磷Available phosphorus	0.000	0.750	0.420	0.646	0.449	0.236	1.000	0.956	0.925	0.888	0.758
地上生物量Above-ground biomass	0.000	0.567	0.489	0.559	0.267	0.274	1.000	0.914	0.770	0.618	0.898
株高Plant height	0.000	0.536	0.365	0.387	0.238	0.225	1.000	0.668	0.526	0.481	0.853
茎粗Stem	0.008	0.402	0.221	0.467	0.270	0.295	0.721	0.672	0.623	0.549	1.000
粗蛋白Crude protein	0.000	0.755	0.636	0.628	0.509	0.429	1.000	0.898	0.766	0.530	0.677
中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber	0.000	0.514	0.372	0.541	0.175	0.244	1.000	0.703	0.648	0.282	0.551
酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber	0.000	0.704	0.515	0.563	0.445	0.236	1.000	0.770	0.797	0.575	0.394
苜蓿磷Phosphorus concentration in alfalfa	0.000	0.571	0.408	0.231	0.109	0.177	1.000	0.728	0.537	0.463	0.435
平均值Average	0.001	0.578	0.410	0.489	0.344	0.285	0.960	0.805	0.695	0.598	0.739
排序Rank	11	6	8	7	9	10	1	2	4	5	3