控释肥对小麦/玉米农田土壤硝态氮累积和迁移的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.20.010

中国农业科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (20): 3920-3927.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.20.010

控释肥对小麦/玉米农田土壤硝态氮累积和迁移的影响

石宁¹(), 李彦¹(), 张英鹏¹, 罗加法², 仲子文¹, 孙明¹, 刘兆辉³, 井永苹¹, 薄录吉¹

¹山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业部黄淮海平原农业环境重点实验室/山东省农业面源污染防控重点实验室,中国济南 250100
²新西兰农业科学院鲁亚库拉研究中心,新西兰哈密尔顿 3240
³山东省农业科学院,中国济南 250100

收稿日期:2018-01-19 接受日期:2018-06-21 出版日期:2018-10-16 发布日期:2018-10-16
作者简介:
联系方式：石宁,E-mail：shining412616@163.com
基金资助:
国家公益性行业（农业）科研专项（201303103）、“海外泰山学者”建设工程专项、农业部“引进国际先进农业科学技术”项目（2014—S21）、山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程（CXGC2016B09）、山东省农业科学院青年科研基金（2014QNM49,2016YQN40）、山东省自然科学基金（ZR2016DB28）、山东省重点研发计划（2016CYJS05A01）

Effects of the Controlled Release Fertilizer on Nitrate Accumulation and Migration in the Soil of Wheat-Maize Rotation System

Ning SHI¹(), Yan LI¹(), YingPeng ZHANG¹, JiaFa LUO², ZiWen ZHONG¹, Ming SUN¹, ZhaoHui LIU³, YongPing JING¹, LuJi BO¹

¹Agricultural Institute of Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Prevention, Jinan 250100, China
²AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
³Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China

Received:2018-01-19 Accepted:2018-06-21 Online:2018-10-16 Published:2018-10-16

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】利用田间试验研究树脂包膜控释尿素对冬小麦夏玉米产量、肥料表观利用率、氮肥表观损失量、土壤硝态氮的累积和迁移规律的影响,为一次性施肥技术的发展提供重要的理论指导。【方法】对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作的大田试验设置3个处理：（1）不施氮（CK）;（2）普通尿素优化施肥处理（OPT,基施50%,小麦返青、玉米拔节50%）;（3）树脂包膜尿素一次性施肥处理（CRF,80% OPT施氮量）。小麦OPT和CRF处理氮用量分别为180和144 kg·hm^-2,玉米OPT和CRF处理氮分别为210和168 kg·hm^-2,小麦磷钾的施用量分别为P₂O₅ 90 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2,玉米磷钾的施用量分别为P₂O₅ 60 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2,肥源分别为过磷酸钙和氯化钾。在小麦返青期、拔节期、孕穗期和收获期以及玉米苗期、拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期按照20 cm土层采集0—100 cm土壤剖面土样进行分析,在收获时收集植株叶片及籽粒样品进行养分分析并测定其产量。【结果】与优化施肥相比,控释肥在减少20%施氮量的情况下,小麦产量达到7.87 t·hm^-2,地上部总氮吸收量为209 kg·hm^-2,玉米产量和吸氮量分别为7.57 t·hm^-2和142 kg·hm^-2,不仅保证了小麦、玉米的产量和地上部总氮吸收量,小麦玉米持续施用控释肥还减少了土壤中氮的表观损失量。土层中硝态氮素累积主要发生在40—60 cm土层,控释肥能够有效减少硝态氮在0—100 cm土层中的累积量,同时减缓硝态氮向深层土壤迁移的速率。【结论】在冬小麦-夏玉米体系中,控释肥能够实现减量施氮不减产,同时减少氮肥损失,降低土壤中硝态氮的累积和迁移,降低环境风险。

关键词: 控释肥, 硝态氮, 累积, 迁移, 小麦, 玉米

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study explored the effects of urea coated by resin on the crop yield, nitrogen (N) recovery efficiency, N apparent loss, nitrate accumulation and migration of winter wheat and summer maize, which could provide theoretical support for further development of one-off fertilization technique. 【Method】 Field experiments in winter wheat-summer maize were set up with four different treatments, described as below : (1) No N fertilizer (CK), (2) Optimal fertilization by split application of urea (OPT, 50% of base fertilizer, 50% of turning green fertilizer of wheat and jointing fertilizer of maize, (3) single basal application of resin coated urea (CRF, 80% N rate of OPT). The OPT and CRF in wheat were fertilized with N 180 kg·hm^-2 and 144 kg·hm^-2, respectively, which in maize were 210 kg·hm^-2 and 168 kg·hm^-2, respectively. All the experimental fields were fertilized with P₂O₅ 90 kg·hm^-2, K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2 in wheat, and P₂O₅ 60 kg·hm^-2, K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2 in maize, which were supplied by calcium superphosphate and potassium chloride. The 0-100 cm soil samples were collected at 20 cm increments during the period of returning green stage, jointing stage, booting stage and after harvest for the winter wheat; and seeding stage, jointing stage, filling stage and harvest stage for the summer maize. Shoot and grain samples of crops were collected at harvest stage to analyze nutrients. 【Result】 Compared with OPT, the yield of CRF reached 7.87 t·hm^-2, the total N absorption of aboveground was 209 kg·hm^-2, and the maize yield and N uptake were 7.57 t·hm^-2 and 142 kg·hm^-2, respectively. It not only ensured the yield and total N uptake in wheat and maize, but also decreased the apparent N loss in soil in the wheat and maize rotation system. The 40-60 cm soil layer was the main location that nitrate accumulation. The application of CRF could effectively reduce the accumulation of nitrate in 0-100 cm soil layer, and slowing down the rate of nitrate migrate to the deep soil. 【Conclusion】 In the winter wheat-summer maize system, CRF with less N input could reduce the nitrate accumulation and migration in the soil without reducing yield and N uptake. Application of CRF could reduce the environmental risk from the apparent N loss in the soil.

Key words: controlled release fertilizer, nitrate-N, accumulation, migration

石宁, 李彦, 张英鹏, 罗加法, 仲子文, 孙明, 刘兆辉, 井永苹, 薄录吉. 控释肥对小麦/玉米农田土壤硝态氮累积和迁移的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(20): 3920-3927.

Ning SHI, Yan LI, YingPeng ZHANG, JiaFa LUO, ZiWen ZHONG, Ming SUN, ZhaoHui LIU, YongPing JING, LuJi BO. Effects of the Controlled Release Fertilizer on Nitrate Accumulation and Migration in the Soil of Wheat-Maize Rotation System[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(20): 3920-3927.

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处理 Treatment	产量Grain yield (t·hm^-2)		总吸氮量Total N uptake (kg·hm^-2 )
处理 Treatment	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize
CK	4.97±0.14b	5.79±0.20b	113.70±11.54b	89.2±5.95b
CRF	7.58±0.35a	8.31±0.46a	178.75±12.87a	148.79±8.35a
OPT	7.87±0.71a	7.57±0.38a	209.22±19.84a	142.53±6.74a

	处理 Treatment	氮肥表观利用率 REN (%)	0—100 cm氮肥表观损失量 Apparent N loss in 0-100 cm soil (kg·hm^-2)
小麦 Wheat	CRF	45.17±8.93a	46.94±6.62b
小麦 Wheat	OPT	53.07±11.02a	97.66±19.83a
玉米 Maize	CRF	35.47±4.97A	-19.35±22.40A
玉米 Maize	OPT	25.40±3.21A	53.78±13.27B

控释肥对小麦/玉米农田土壤硝态氮累积和迁移的影响

Effects of the Controlled Release Fertilizer on Nitrate Accumulation and Migration in the Soil of Wheat-Maize Rotation System

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