黄淮海夏玉米一次性施肥技术效应研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.20.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (20): 3909-3919.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.20.009

黄淮海夏玉米一次性施肥技术效应研究

杨岩^1,², 谭德水¹, 江丽华^1,³(), 郭建华⁴, 孙克刚⁵, 徐钰¹, 石璟¹, 王梅¹, 刘兆辉⁶()

¹山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/山东省植物营养与肥料重点实验室,济南 250100
²农业部废弃物基质化利用重点实验室,济南 250100
³农业部山东耕地保育科学观测实验站,济南 250100
⁴北京市农林科学院北京农业信息技术研究中心,北京100097
⁵河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所/河南省农业生态与环境重点实验室,郑州450002
⁶山东省农业科学院,济南 250100

收稿日期:2018-01-18 接受日期:2018-06-25 出版日期:2018-10-16 发布日期:2018-10-16
作者简介:
联系方式：杨岩,Tel：0531-66659631;E-mail：tornado23@126.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划（2018YFD0200600）、农业部行业专项（201303103）、山东省重点研发计划（2016ZDJS08A02）

The Effects of One-off Fertilization of Summer Maize in Huang-Huai-Hai Region

Yan YANG^1,², DeShui TAN¹, LiHua JIANG^1,³(), JianHua GUO⁴, KeGang SUN⁵, Yu XU¹, Jing SHI¹, Mei WANG¹, ZhaoHui LIU⁶()

¹Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Jinan 250100
²Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100
³Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation (Shandong), Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100
⁴Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097
⁵Institute of Plant Nutrition, Agricultural Resources and Environmental Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science/Henan Key Laboratory of Agricultural Eco-Environment, Zhengzhou 450002
⁶Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100

Received:2018-01-18 Accepted:2018-06-25 Online:2018-10-16 Published:2018-10-16

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究一次性施肥技术对黄淮海夏玉米产量、肥料利用效率和经济效益的影响,为黄淮海夏玉米区实现减肥增效、节本增收及轻简化生产技术的筛选提供理论依据。【方法】2015年和2016年在河北、河南、山东三省选择8个试验地点进行控释氮肥随夏玉米播种一次性施用大田试验。与普通氮肥分次施用（习惯施肥（FP）和优化施肥（OPT））对比,通过设置控释氮肥等量投入（CRFA）、减量20%控释氮肥投入（CRFA80%N、CRFB80%N和CRFC80%N）,研究一次性施肥技术对黄淮海夏玉米经济效益的影响,并验证一次性施肥技术的减量施氮可行性。【结果】（1）与农民习惯施肥（FP）相比,一次性施肥处理对黄淮海区夏玉米株高、穗部性状和两年的平均产量均无显著影响,氮肥农学效率和表观利用率虽有所提高,但未达显著性差异;但一次性减氮施肥处理较FP处理,氮肥偏生产力显著提高了33.85%以上（P<0.05）。此外,CRFA、CRFA80%N、CRFB80%N和CRFC80%N处理相比农民习惯施肥（FP）,每季平均节氮量分别为8.15、50.65、50.65、50.65 kg N·hm^-2,增加纯收入927.40元/hm²以上。（2）除CRFA处理外,其余一次性施肥处理的硝态氮量均显著低于习惯施肥处理（FP）;一次性减氮施肥处理（CRFA80%N、CRFB80%N、CRFC80%N）0—90 cm土层NO₃^--N含量显著低于优化施肥处理（OPT）（P<0.05）。【结论】一次性施肥技术实现了黄淮海夏玉米的轻简化施肥,提高了氮肥的利用效率,能够在保证稳产增产的前提下,实现氮肥的减量施用;推荐减少20%氮用量的CRFA施肥模式在黄淮海夏玉米生产上一次性施用。

关键词: 黄淮海, 夏玉米, 一次性施肥, 减肥, 增效

Abstract:

【Objective】In order to provide a theoretical basis for the selection of simplified production techniques, to realize the fertilizer reduction and increasing efficiency, saving cost and increasing income in Huang-Huai-Hai region, the effects of one-off fertilization on the yield, nitrogen use efficiency and economic effects of summer maize were studied.【Method】The field experiments of one-off application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on maize was carried out in 8 test points selecting from Hebei, Henan and Shandong province from 2015 to 2016, the economic effects of one-off fertilization on summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai region were studied to verify the feasibility of the nitrogen reduction of one-off fertilization. the one-off fertilization treatments of CRFA (the amount of nitrogen input in controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was equivalent to OPT treatment), CRFA80%N, CRFB80%N and CRFC80%N (with the amount of nitrogen input in controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was 20% reduction) were set to compare with the multiple application of common nitrogen fertilizer (FP treatment and OPT treatment).【Result】(1) Compared with FP treatment, the one-off fertilization had no significant effect on plant height, ear characters, and the average value of 2 years’ yield of summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai region, even though the N agronomic efficiency (NAE) and N recovery efficiency (NER) had been increased; However, partial factor productivity from applied N (PFPN) of one-off reduced fertilization were significantly improved more than 33.85%. In addition, there were 8.15, 50.65, 50.65 and 50.65 kg N·hm^-2 saving of the CRFA, CRFA80%N, CRFB80%N and CRFC80%N treatment in one maize season, respectively. one-off fertilization increased net income more than 927.40 yuan·hm^-2. (2) In addition to the CRFA treatment, the NO₃^--N contents of the remaining treatments of one-off fertilization were significantly lower than FP, and 0-90 cm soil NO₃^--N content of the treatments of one-off reduced fertilization (CRFA80 % N, CRFB80% N, CRFC80% N) were significantly lower than OPT (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 one-off fertilization realized the simplified fertilization of summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai region, increased the nitrogen use efficiency, which could realize the fertilizer reduction and ensuring stable yield at the same time. It was recommended that the fertilization mode of controlled released nitrogen with reducing 20% should be applied to the summer maize production in Huang-Huai-Hai region.

Key words: Huang-Huai-Hai region, summer maize, one-off fertilization, fertilizer reduction, efficiency increasing

杨岩, 谭德水, 江丽华, 郭建华, 孙克刚, 徐钰, 石璟, 王梅, 刘兆辉. 黄淮海夏玉米一次性施肥技术效应研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(20): 3909-3919.

Yan YANG, DeShui TAN, LiHua JIANG, JianHua GUO, KeGang SUN, Yu XU, Jing SHI, Mei WANG, ZhaoHui LIU. The Effects of One-off Fertilization of Summer Maize in Huang-Huai-Hai Region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(20): 3909-3919.

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图/表 8

表1

表2

各试验点施肥情况"

试验地点 Experimental location	试验处理 Experimental treatment	N (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥基追比 The ration of basic N to topdressing N	P₂O₅ (kg·hm^-2)	K₂O (kg·hm^-2)
河北农科院大河试验站 Dahe experimental station, Hebei academy of agricultural science	N0PK	0	-	90	120
	FP	150	1﹕0	90	120
	OPT	150	1﹕1	90	120
	CRFA	150	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFA80%N	120	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFB80%N	120	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFC80%N	120	1﹕0	90	120
河南驻马店西平县盆尧镇于营村 Yuying village, Pengyao town, Xiping county, Zhumadian, Henan	N0PK	0	-	90	120
	FP	225	2﹕3	90	120
	OPT	180	2﹕3	90	120
	CRFA	180	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFA80%N	144	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFB80%N	144	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFC80%N	144	1﹕0	90	120
河南驻马店农科院农场 Nongkeyuan farm, Zhumadian, Henan	N0PK	0	-	90	120
	FP	225	2﹕3	90	120
	OPT	180	2﹕3	90	120
	CRFA	180	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFA80%N	144	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFB80%N	144	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFC80%N	144	1﹕0	90	120
山东桓台县生态与可持续发展实验站 Experimental station for ecology and sustainable development of Huantai, Shandong	N0PK	0	-	120	90
	FP	240	2﹕3	120	90
	OPT	-	-	-	-
	CRFA	240	1﹕0	120	90
	CRFA80%N	192	1﹕0	120	90
	CRFB80%N	192	1﹕0	120	90
	CRFC80%N	-	-	-	-
山东临沂市农科院试验站 Experimental station of Linyi academy of agricultural sciences, Shandong	N0PK	0		78.75	132.75
	FP	262.5	1﹕2	90	90
	OPT	230.5	1﹕2	78.75	132.75
	CRFA	230.5	1﹕0	78.75	132.75
	CRFA80%N	184.5	1﹕0	78.75	132.75
	CRFB80%N	184.5	1﹕0	78.75	132.75
	CRFC80%N	-	-	-	-
山东章丘龙山试验站 Longshan experimental station of Zhangqiu, Shandong	N0PK	0	-	90	120
	FP	196	2﹕3	96	96
	OPT	240	2﹕3	90	120
	CRFA	240	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFA80%N	192	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFB80%N	192	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFC80%N	192	1﹕0	90	120
续表2 Continued table 2
试验地点 Experimental location	试验处理 Experimental treatment	N (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥基追比 The ration of basic N to topdressing N	P₂O₅ (kg·hm^-2)	K₂O (kg·hm^-2)
山东德州六一农场 Liuyi farm, Dezhou, Shandong	N0PK	0	-	90	120
	FP	197.2	1﹕1	60	60
	OPT	240	2﹕3	90	120
	CRFA	240	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFA80%N	192	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFB80%N	192	1﹕0	90	120
	CRFC80%N	192	1﹕0	90	120
山东德州市农科院科技园 Science and technology park, Dezhou academy of agricultural sciences, Shandong	N0PK	0		105	135
	FP	270	2﹕3	45	45
	OPT	240	1﹕2	105	135
	CRFA	240	1﹕0	105	135
	CRFA80%N	192	1﹕0	105	135
	CRFB80%N	192	1﹕0	105	135
	CRFC80%N	192	1﹕0	105	135

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

图1

表7

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试验地点 Experimental location	土壤类型 Soil type	pH	有机质 O.M (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
河北农科院大河试验站 Dahe experimental station, Hebei academy of agricultural science	褐土 Cinnamon soil	8.2	17.41	1.14	44.88	132.60
河南驻马店西平县盆尧镇于营村 Yuying village, Penyao town, Xiping county, Zhumadian, Henan	砂姜黑土 Shajiang black soil	6.1	9.30	0.10	10.60	54.30
河南驻马店农科院农场 Nongkeyuan farm, Zhumadian, Henan	砂姜黑土 Shajiang black soil	6.4	9.40	0.11	11.20	63.40
山东桓台县生态与可持续发展实验站 Experimental station for ecology and sustainable development of Huantai, Shandong	褐土 Cinnamon soil	8.48	18.80	0.41	8.40	86.20
山东临沂市农科院试验站 Experimental station of Linyi academy of agricultural sciences, Shandong	潮土 Fluvo-aquic soil	6.4	11.90	1.28	18.30	135.00
山东章丘龙山试验站 Longshan experimental station of Zhangqiu, Shandong	棕壤 Brown soil	7.8	10.60	1.10	7.90	41.30
山东德州六一农场 Liuyi farm, Dezhou, Shandong	潮土 Fluvo-aquic soil	7.9	12.80	0.45	30.52	99.72
山东德州市农科院科技园 Science and technology park, Dezhou academy of agricultural sciences, Shandong	潮土 Fluvo-aquic soil	7.8	7.20	1.42	25.86	77.24

处理 Treatments	株高Plant height (cm)		穗长Ear length (cm)		秃尖长Bare tip length (cm)		穗粗Ear width (cm)
处理 Treatments	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016
N0PK	188.39b	187.74b	13.80b	13.59b	0.81a	1.14a	4.07b	4.10b
FP	234.45a	234.38a	17.38a	16.56a	0.57a	1.03a	4.66a	4.79a
OPT	229.96a	232.84a	17.45a	16.84a	0.50a	0.93a	4.66a	4.79a
CRFA	232.10a	232.1a	16.81a	16.49a	0.64a	0.90a	4.65a	4.80a
CRFA80%N	228.62a	228.74a	17.11a	16.55a	0.50a	1.00a	4.60a	4.71a
CRFB80%N	231.89a	230.22a	17.11a	16.49a	0.77a	0.89a	4.61a	4.74a
CRFC80%N	221.31a	218.31a	17.17a	16.60a	0.97a	1.25a	4.42ab	4.56ab

处理 Treatments	穗粒数 Grains per ear (No.)		百粒重 100 grain weight (g)		平均产量 Average grain yield (t·hm^-2)		变异系数 CV		增产率 Increased rate (%)
处理 Treatments	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016
N0PK	432.03a	397.22a	28.89a	31.42b	6.51b	6.09b	0.29	0.27	-	-
FP	506.70a	438.89a	30.43a	34.31a	8.51a	8.36a	0.17	0.21	-	-
OPT	496.65a	455.95a	29.52a	34.47a	9.00a	9.18a	0.20	0.25	5.79	9.85
CRFA	505.06a	440.71a	30.63a	33.69ab	9.18a	9.00a	0.19	0.21	7.83	7.99
CRFA80%N	502.31a	446.63a	30.20a	32.84ab	8.79a	8.86a	0.22	0.24	3.28	6.01
CRFB80%N	483.81a	435.41a	30.49a	33.16ab	8.74a	8.55a	0.25	0.24	2.75	2.28
CRFC80%N	465.81a	441.11a	28.93a	32.93ab	8.14ab	8.78a	0.21	0.26	-4.36	5.07

处理Treatments	棕壤Brown soil	褐土Cinnamon soil	潮土Fluvo-aquic soil	砂姜黑土Shajiang black soil
N0PK	5.91d	5.13d	6.45c	8.95a
FP	7.69b	7.11b	9.35b	9.82a
OPT	6.85c	7.52a	10.44a	10.44a
CRFA	8.67a	7.62a	10.10ab	9.93a
CRFA80%N	8.44a	7.00bc	10.09ab	9.45a
CRFB80%N	8.40a	6.67c	9.82ab	9.58a
CRFC80%N	6.77c	6.92bc	10.44a	9.29a

处理 Treatments	氮肥农学效率NAE (kg·kg^-1)		氮肥表观利用率NER (%)		氮肥偏生产力PFPN (kg·kg^-1)		需求量ANA (kg·t^-1)
处理 Treatments	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016
N0PK	-	-	-	-	-	-	17.33b	16.81a
FP	10.66a	9.99a	37.36a	34.91a	39.20c	36.89d	24.05a	20.84a
OPT	14.10a	15.56a	41.59a	39.55a	43.31bc	44.14bcd	22.34a	19.15a
CRFA	13.01a	14.31a	41.24a	42.73a	43.42bc	42.58cd	22.48a	19.89a
CRFA80%N	16.11a	16.65a	39.75a	37.91a	51.80a	51.99ab	21.88a	18.23a
CRFB80%N	15.81a	14.99a	42.18a	37.08a	51.46a	50.33abc	22.90a	18.98a
CRFC80%N	15.34a	16.63a	40.72a	38.95a	50.00ab	53.66a	24.04a	18.55a

黄淮海夏玉米一次性施肥技术效应研究

The Effects of One-off Fertilization of Summer Maize in Huang-Huai-Hai Region

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处理 Treatments	两年平均产量 Average yield (kg·hm^-2)	产值 Output value (yuan/hm²)	人工费^[5] Labour cost (yuan/hm²)	氮肥成本 N cost (yuan/hm²)	收益 Profit (yuan/hm²)	增收 Net income (yuan/hm²)
N0PK	6235.94	9977.50	0	-	9977.50	-
FP	8329.90	13327.85	900	862.99	11564.86	-
OPT	9026.16	14441.86	900	815.79	12726.07	1161.21
CRFA	9028.08	14444.92	0	1107.45	13337.47	1772.61
CRFA80%N	8749.53	13999.26	0	886.03	13113.23	1548.37
CRFB80%N	8591.03	13745.65	0	1033.98	12711.67	1146.81
CRFC80%N	8362.19	13379.50	0	887.24	12492.26	927.40

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