夏玉米籽粒脱水特性及与灌浆特性的关系

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.10.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的当前,玉米收获期籽粒含水率普遍偏高,限制了中国机械粒收技术的推广应用。玉米籽粒授粉后,灌浆与脱水过程相伴,但二者之间的关系并不明确,本研究通过对不同玉米品种籽粒脱水和灌浆过程的系统观测,明确其籽粒脱水和灌浆特征,探讨二者间的关系,为适宜机械粒收品种的选育和推广提供支持。方法试验于2015—2016年在河南新乡进行,累计选用22个供试玉米品种,统一授粉。2015年自授粉后26 d开始至11月14日止、2016年自授粉后11 d开始至10月17日止,连续测定籽粒含水率（MC）、含水量（M）、干重（DW）与鲜重（FW）的动态变化,建立这些指标与授粉后积温（T）之间的回归方程,以此明确籽粒脱水和灌浆特征,并结合籽粒脱水、灌浆参数的相关分析结果,探讨这两个过程的关系。结果玉米籽粒含水率、含水量、干重及鲜重的动态变化与授粉后积温均有极显著的非线性关系。22个参试玉米品种籽粒含水率与授粉后积温的关系符合Logistic Power模型。授粉后,参试品种含水率降至28%需要积温1 126—1 646℃·d,平均1 357℃·d;含水率降至25%需要积温1 218—1 810℃·d,平均1 480℃·d。综合分析籽粒干物质和含水量的变化动态,籽粒含水率变化可分为两个阶段。第一个阶段从籽粒建成至线性灌浆期结束为止,干物质的快速积累是含水率快速下降的主导因素;第二阶段自线性灌浆期结束至籽粒收获,含水率下降的主导因素转化为籽粒水分的持续散失。相关分析显示,玉米灌浆期天数、积温与生理成熟期籽粒含水率在2015年达到极显著负相关,2016年相关性不显著;不同品种生理成熟前、后及总脱水速率与灌浆速率之间相关性不显著。结论籽粒含水率与授粉后积温建立的Logistic Power回归模型具有良好的预测稳定性。籽粒含水率的变化由籽粒灌浆和籽粒脱水两个关键因素分阶段主导,评价适宜机械粒收的品种,不仅要注意籽粒灌浆特性和熟期,还要关注籽粒脱水特性的选择。

关键词: 玉米, 籽粒灌浆, 籽粒脱水, 籽粒含水率, Logistic Power模型

Abstract:

【Objective】 Nowadays, the higher grain moisture content at harvest limits the popularization and application of the mechanical grain harvesting technology. Maize grain filling process is accompanied by grain dehydration process after pollination, however, the relationship between these two processes remains a challenge. We used different maize cultivars to study the characters of the two processes and the relationships between them, which provided support for breeding and promotion of the harvesting technology. 【Method】 Field experiments were conducted in Xinxiang, Henan in 2015 and 2016. A total of 22 cultivars were studied and the controlled pollination was applied in every cultivar. In 2015, the sampling time was from the 26th day after pollination to November 14th. In 2016, the sampling time was from 11th day after pollination to October 17th. We measured dynamic changes of grain moisture content (MC), moisture (M), dry weight (DW) and fresh weight (FW) before and after physiological maturity to establish the relationships between these indexes and the accumulated temperature after pollination (T) by equations. Based on these equations, the grain dehydration process and the filling process were clarified. Then, we developed the relationship between these two processes by the correlation analysis. 【Result】 Results showed that T had the significant non-linear relationships with MC, M, DW and FW. Among them, the relationship between MC and T of 22 maize cultivars could be described by the Logistic Power regression model. The MC dropped to 28% when the T reached average 1 357°C·d, changing from 1 126 °C·d to 1 646 °C·d between cultivars. The average T was 1 480°C·d for 25% MC, changing from 1 218 °C·d to 1 810 °C·d. Dynamic change of MC could be divided into two stages based on the changes of DW and M. The first stage was from the start of grain growth to the end of linear filling process, in which the decreasing MC was mainly decided by the fast dry matter accumulation. The second stage followed the former ending to the harvest time, in which the decreasing MC was owned to the decreasing M. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the MC at physiological maturity and the filling days, and the T from pollination to physiological maturity in 2015 while the relationship was not significant in 2016. There was no significant relationship between the filling rate and the grain dehydration rate before physiological maturity, similar to the grain dehydration rate after physiological maturity and the total dehydration rate. 【Conclusion】 Our study found that the Logistic Power regression model had a good predictive stability to establish the relationship between MC and T. We proposed that MC was decided by the grain filling rate and the grain moisture loss rate respectively at different stages. Thus, breeders should not only pay attention to grain filling characters and maturity time, but also concern about the grain dehydration characters when evaluate suitable cultivars for the harvesting technology.

Key words: maize, grain filling, grain dehydration, grain moisture content, Logistic Power model

李璐璐, 明博, 高尚, 谢瑞芝, 侯鹏, 王克如, 李少昆. 夏玉米籽粒脱水特性及与灌浆特性的关系[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(10): 1878-1889.

LuLu LI, Bo MING, Shang GAO, RuiZhi XIE, Peng HOU, KeRu WANG, ShaoKun LI. Study on Grain Dehydration Characters of Summer Maize and Its Relationship with Grain Filling[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(10): 1878-1889.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2018/V51/I10/1878

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表5

玉米籽粒脱水与灌浆参数相关分析"

	年份	授粉-生理	授粉-生理	生理成熟期含水率	收获期含水率	生理成熟期	平均灌浆速率	生理成熟前平均	生理成熟后平均	总脱水
	Year	成熟天数	成熟积温	MC at physiological maturity	MC at	百粒干重	Average	脱水速率	脱水速率	速率
		Days from pollination to physiological maturity	Accumulated temperature from pollination to physiological maturity		harvest	100-kernel dry weight at physiological maturity	filling rate	Average dehydration rate before physiological maturity	Average dehydration rate after physiological maturity	Total dehydration rate
授粉-生理成熟天数	2015	1	0.995**	-0.815**	0.192	0.785**	-0.273	-0.940**	-0.800**	-0.942**
Days from pollination to physiological maturity	2016	1	0.991**	-0.309	-0.248	0.642**	0.176	-0.794**	0.06	-0.696**
授粉-生理成熟积温	2015		1	-0.810**	0.194	0.791**	-0.269	-0.943**	-0.806**	-0.950**
Accumulated temperature	2016		1	-0.356	-0.299	0.589*	0.107	-0.773**	0.067	-0.677**
from pollination to physiological maturity
生理成熟期含水率	2015			1	0.317	-0.906**	-0.193	0.577	0.620*	0.627*
MC at physiological	2016			1	0.843**	-0.418	-0.304	-0.316	0.055	-0.274
maturity
收获期含水率	2015				1	-0.23	-0.610*	-0.433	-0.477	-0.432
MC at harvest	2016				1	-0.283	-0.163	-0.271	-0.411	-0.407
生理成熟期百粒干重	2015					1	0.374	-0.595	-0.53	-0.617*
100-kernel dry weight at physiological maturity	2016					1	0.866**	-0.301	0.046	-0.212
平均灌浆速率	2015						1	0.492	0.345	0.455
Average filling rate	2016						1	0.114	0.004	0.161
生理成熟前平均脱水	2015							1	0.768**	0.979**
速率	2016							1	-0.092	0.879**
Average dehydration
rate before physiological maturity
生理成熟后平均脱水	2015								1	0.866**
速率	2016								1	0.368
Average dehydration rate after physiological maturity
总脱水速率	2015									1
Total dehydration rate	2016									1

表5

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年份 Year	试验处理 Experimental treatment	玉米品种名称 Maize Cultivar
2015	6月16日播种,随机区组设计,每品种3次重复,小区长8 m,宽5.4 m,面积43.2 m² Sowing on 16 June; Randomized block design with three replications; The plots were 8 m long and 5.4 m wide and had an area of 43.2 m²	郑单958、先玉335、农华101、农华816、京农科728、中单909、宁玉721、联创808、裕丰303、中科玉505、禾田1号 ZD958, XY335, NH101, NH816, JNK728, ZD909, NY721, LC808, YF303, ZKY505, HT1
2016	6月4日播种,大区种植,每区长18 m,宽7.8 m,面积140.4 m² Sowing on 4 June; Big plots; The plots were 18 m long and 7.8 m wide and had an area of 140.4 m²	郑单958、先玉335、农华101、农华816、京农科728、中单909、华美1号、真金323、新单58、新单65、辽单575、锦华318、锦华207、金通152、迪卡517、陕单636、丰垦139 ZD958, XY335, NH101, NH816, JNK728, ZD909, HM1, ZJ323, XD58, XD65, LD575, JH318, JH207, JT152, DK517, SD636, FK139

年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	出苗 Emergence (M-D)	吐丝 Silking (M-D)	授粉 Pollination (M-D)	生理成熟 Physiological maturity	授粉-生理成熟天数 Days from pollination to physiological maturity (d)	授粉-生理成熟积温 Accumulated temperature from pollination to physiological maturity (℃·d)
2015	JNK728	6-23	8-7	8-9	9-28	50	1200
	NH816	6-23	8-10	8-12	10-8	57	1316
	NH101	6-23	8-9	8-12	10-11	60	1365
	ZD909	6-23	8-9	8-12	10-15	64	1439
	ZD958	6-23	8-9	8-10	10-14	65	1475
	XY335	6-23	8-9	8-10	10-14	65	1475
	YF303	6-23	8-9	8-10	10-18	69	1553
	NY721	6-23	8-10	8-13	10-19	67	1485
	LC808	6-23	8-10	8-12	10-15	64	1439
	ZKY505	6-23	8-10	8-13	10-15	63	1410
	HT1	6-23	8-3	8-6	9-23	48	1166
2016	JNK728	6-9	7-26	7-26	9-12	48	1291
	NH816	6-9	7-29	7-29	9-20	53	1389
	NH101	6-9	7-28	7-28	9-20	54	1421
	ZD909	6-9	7-30	7-31	9-28	59	1501
	ZD958	6-9	7-31	7-31	9-28	59	1501
	XY335	6-9	7-30	7-30	9-26	58	1490
	DK517	6-9	7-28	7-28	9-21	55	1443
	ZJ323	6-9	7-29	7-29	9-20	53	1389
	SD636	6-9	7-26	7-26	9-19	55	1459
	LD575	6-9	7-29	7-29	9-20	53	1389
	HM1	6-9	7-25	7-25	9-13	50	1344
	FK139	6-9	7-23	7-24	9-5	43	1179
	JT152	6-9	7-29	7-29	9-23	56	1457
	JH207	6-9	7-29	7-29	9-23	56	1457
	JH318	6-9	7-28	7-28	9-26	60	1553
	XD65	6-9	7-28	7-28	9-19	53	1400
	XD58	6-9	7-25	7-25	9-15	52	1394

年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	b	c	R²	授粉—28%含水率积温 Accumulated temperature from pollination to 28% MC (℃·d)	授粉—25%含水率积温 Accumulated temperature from pollination to 25% MC (℃·d)
2015	HT1	811.189	2.337	0.962**	1140	1221
	ZKY505	877.380	1.993	0.984**	1307	1417
	LC808	895.960	1.943	0.986**	1349	1465
	NY721	892.299	1.682	0.968**	1431	1575
	YF303	950.148	1.769	0.985**	1489	1630
2016	FK139	836.987	1.829	0.994**	1293	1411
	DK517	838.297	1.833	0.989**	1293	1412
	JH207	851.805	1.834	0.986**	1314	1434
	HM1	915.269	2.121	0.992**	1331	1436
	XD65	843.911	1.742	0.995**	1332	1461
	JT152	908.628	1.961	0.986**	1363	1479
	XD58	881.079	1.750	0.994**	1388	1521
	LD575	884.834	1.750	0.986**	1394	1528
	ZJ323	899.704	1.770	0.988**	1410	1544
	SD636	936.666	1.921	0.984**	1417	1540
	JH318	920.968	1.770	0.994**	1443	1580
2015-2016	JNK728	834.19	1.952	0.993**	1253	1361
	NH101	904.387	2.029	0.993**	1338	1448
	XY335	886.981	1.879	0.982**	1354	1475
	NH816	903.747	1.944	0.989**	1360	1477
	ZD958	896.136	1.612	0.988**	1467	1621
	ZD909	925.174	1.687	0.986**	1482	1630

数值范围 Value range	28%含水率 28%MC	25%含水率 25%MC	20%含水率 20%MC	15%含水率 15%MC
预测值 Predicted value	1357	1480	1738	2107
95%置信区间上限Upper bound of 95% confidence interval	1646	1810	2159	2672
95%置信区间下限 Lower bound of 95% confidence interval	1126	1218	1405	1665