不同栽培模式及施氮方式对油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.18.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2016, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (18): 3551-3560.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.18.009

所属专题：中国油菜养分管理

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

不同栽培模式及施氮方式对油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响

刘波¹，鲁剑巍¹，李小坤¹，丛日环¹，吴礼树¹，叶川²，郑伟²，徐维明³，姚忠清⁴，任涛¹

¹华中农业大学资源与环境学院/农业部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室，武汉 430070
²江西省红壤研究所，江西进贤 331717
³沙洋县土壤肥料工作站，湖北沙洋 448200
⁴赤壁市土壤肥料工作站，湖北赤壁437300

收稿日期:2016-01-14 出版日期:2016-09-16 发布日期:2016-09-16
通讯作者: 任涛，E-mail：rentao@mail.hzau.edu.cn
作者简介:刘波，E-mail：liubohz@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家“十二五”科技支撑计划（2014BAD11B03）、国家油菜产业技术体系建设专项（CARS-13）、中央高校基本科研业务费专项（2662015PY135）

Effects of Different Cultivations and Nitrogen Application Methods on Seed Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

LIU Bo¹, LU Jian-wei¹, LI Xiao-kun¹, CONG Ri-huan¹, WU Li-shu¹, YE Chuan², ZHENG wei², XU Wei-ming³, YAO Zhong-qing⁴, REN Tao¹

¹College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070
²Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil, Jinxian 331717, Jiangxi
³ Shayang Soil and Fertilizer Work Station, Shayang 448200, Hubei
⁴ Chibi City Soil and Fertilizer Work Station, Chibi 437300, Hubei)

Received:2016-01-14 Online:2016-09-16 Published:2016-09-16

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】在油菜种植主产区，研究不同栽培模式及施氮方式对油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响，为油菜高产高效生产科学施肥提供理论依据。【方法】于2010—2011年度在湖北省和江西省开展移栽油菜和直播油菜氮肥施用田间试验，比较氮肥表施（表面撒施）、翻施（撒施后旋耕）和集中施用（移栽油菜穴施和直播油菜条施覆土）3种不同施氮方式对两种栽培模式（移栽和直播）油菜产量、干物质动态、氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响。【结果】相同条件下，移栽油菜产量水平显著高于直播油菜，两者的产量差达到299.1—544.2 kg·hm^-2，从干物质动态结果可以看出，各个生育期移栽油菜地上部和地下部生物量显著高于直播油菜，此外，移栽油菜可以获得较高的氮素累积，相比直播油菜提高33.1%—54.8%，移栽油菜氮肥农学利用率和氮肥表观利用率显著高于直播油菜，其中氮肥农学利用率从6.5 kg·kg^-1增加到7.8 kg·kg^-1，平均增幅为20.2%，氮肥表观利用率从27.6%提高到37.5%，平均增幅为37.5%。氮肥施用具有显著的增产效果，直播油菜施氮效果大于移栽油菜。在相同氮肥用量条件下，不同施氮方式对油菜产量、干物质动态、氮素吸收和氮肥利用率产生明显影响，总体表现为氮肥集中施用>翻施>表施的趋势。与表施处理相比，不同试验点移栽和直播油菜氮肥集中施用处理平均增产分别为18.2%和23.8%，氮素吸收量平均增幅分别为19.0%和37.0%。对于氮肥农学利用率而言，移栽油菜氮肥集中施用处理相比表施处理从6.9 kg·kg^-1增加到8.8 kg·kg^-1，平均增幅为27.7%，直播油菜从5.7 kg·kg^-1增加到7.5 kg·kg^-1，平均增幅为31.7%。而对于氮肥表观利用率而言，移栽油菜氮肥集中施用处理相比表施处理从33.3%提高到42.3%，平均增幅为27.2%；直播油菜从22.0%提高到27.4%，平均增幅为50.7%。相比于表施处理，移栽油菜氮肥集中施用花后地下部干物质增幅占整个生育期干物质增幅的61.8%，地上部为50.5%；直播油菜分别为78.5%和66.7%。【结论】直播油菜对氮肥施用方式的响应比移栽油菜更敏感，氮肥集中施用促进了植株花后地下部和地上部干物质同步累积。结合油菜栽培模式，实际生产中应该采取条施或穴施的氮肥集中施用技术。

关键词: 油菜, 栽培模式, 施氮方式, 产量, 干物质, 氮肥利用率

Abstract: 【Objective】Field experiments were carried out to study the effect of different cultivations and nitrogen (N) application methods on seed yield and N use efficiency of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in the main planting areas, and provide theoretical support for high efficient fertilization management in oilseed rape.【Method】 Field trials were conducted in Hubei and Jiangxi provinces during the period of 2010-2011. Three methods of N application (i.e., surface broadcast placement, plough placement, and concentrate placement) were taken to analyze the impact on rapeseed yield, dry matter accumulation and N uptake between the transplanted oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) (TOR) and direct-sown oilseed rape (DOR).【Result】 Under the same processing conditions, the seed yield level of TOR was higher than DOR and the difference value was 299.1-544.2 kg·hm^-2. The TOR could obtain higher biomass compared to DOR between aboveground and underground according to the dry matter dynamics, furthermore, N accumulation increased significantly by 33.1%-54.8% on average for TOR. Moreover, the agronomic efficiency (AE_N) and N apparent recovery efficiency (RE_N) were significantly increased in TOR compared to the DOR, respectively, which AE_N increased by 20.2% from 6.5 to 7.8 kg·kg^-1, and RE_N increased by 37.5% from 27.6% to 37.5%. N application had a significant effect on seed yield, especially for TOR. Different N application methods resulted in a noticeable impact on yield, dry matter accumulation, N uptake and N use efficiency, following as concentrating> ploughing > broadcasting. The concentrating could increase yield and N accumulation compared to broadcasting, increased yield by 18.2%-23.8% and N accumulation increased by 19.0%-37.0% for TOR and DOR，respectively. Compared with broadcasting, the AE_N of concentrating increased by 27.7% ranged from 6.9 to 8.8 kg·kg^-1 and RE_N increased by 27.2% ranged from 33.3% to 42.3% in TOR, meanwhile, the AE_N of concentrating increased by 31.7% ranged from 5.7 to 7.5 kg·kg^-1 and RE_N increased by 50.7% ranged from 22.0% to 33.2% in DOR. The increase amplitude in underground biomass accounted for 61.8% under concentrating during the whole period and the aboveground portion was 50.5% compared with broadcasting for TOR, while it was 78.5% and 66.7% for DOR, respectively.【Conclusion】 The growth and yield formation were more sensitive to different N application methods in DOR. Dry matter accumulation including underground and aboveground part after anthesis can be coordinately achieved synchronous accumulative under Concentrating. Therefore, both Banding and Holing can efficiency during the oilseed rape production among all the N application methods.

Key words: oilseed rape, cultivations, concentrating, yield, dry matter, nitrogen use efficiency

刘波，鲁剑巍，李小坤，丛日环，吴礼树，叶川，郑伟，徐维明，姚忠清，任涛. 不同栽培模式及施氮方式对油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(18): 3551-3560.

LIU Bo, LU Jian-wei, LI Xiao-kun, CONG Ri-huan, WU Li-shu, YE Chuan, ZHENG Wei, XU Wei-ming, YAO Zhong-qing, REN Tao. Effects of Different Cultivations and Nitrogen Application Methods on Seed Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(18): 3551-3560.

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不同栽培模式及施氮方式对油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响

Effects of Different Cultivations and Nitrogen Application Methods on Seed Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

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