免耕条件下秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统土壤呼吸及土壤水热状况的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.11.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究免耕条件下秸秆还田对旱地冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统土壤呼吸及土壤水热状况的影响。【方法】2011年10月至2014年9月，在陕西杨凌设置秸秆全量还田+施肥（S1F1）、秸秆全量还田+不施肥（S1F0）、秸秆半量还田+施肥（S1/2F1）、秸秆半量还田+不施肥（S1/2F0）、秸秆不还田+施肥（S0F1）、秸秆不还田+不施肥（S0F0）6 种不同耕作处理的3年定位试验，测定并分析不同耕作处理下土壤呼吸、土壤水热状况、作物产量、土壤耕作层有机碳含量的差异。【结果】在冬小麦生育期内，各处理土壤呼吸速率均呈先下降后升高再下降的趋势；在夏玉米生育期内，各处理土壤呼吸速率均表现为先升高后下降的趋势。同一生育期内各处理土壤呼吸平均速率及呼吸总量依次为S1F1＞S1/2F1＞S1/2F0＞S0F1＞S1F0＞CK，同种作物不同生育期之间，各处理土壤生育期呼吸总量有逐年降低的趋势。整个研究周期内，土壤温度的变化趋势与每月平均气温的变化趋势相似，不同处理在同一生育期内的土壤温度变化趋势相近，且各处理生育期土壤平均温度均随土壤深度的增加而降低；不同秸秆还田处理冬季土壤温度均高于对照，但生育期土壤平均温度均低于对照。土壤含水量随土壤深度的增加而降低，但受降雨影响，不同轮作周期之间的土壤含水量波动较大，各处理同一生育期的土壤平均含水量均表现为S1F0＞S1F1＞S1/2F0＞S1/2F1＞CK＞S0F1，且不同秸秆还田处理的土壤含水量与对照间的差异均显著（P＜0.05）；土壤温度能够解释土壤呼吸速率变化的32.5%—60.4%，土壤含水量能够解释土壤呼吸速率变化的38.4%—82.5%，不同土层深度间，5 cm土层的温度与土壤呼吸的拟合度性最高，而10—20 cm土层的含水量与土壤呼吸的拟合度最高。相同年份内，不同处理冬小麦和夏玉米产量均表现为S1F1＞S1F0＞S1/2F1＞S0F1＞S1/2F0＞CK，这个研究周期内，冬小麦产量逐年增加，夏玉米在前两季表现为增产，但受极端炎热天气的影响，第三季的产量明显降低。单季作物收获后，各处理同一土层深度的有机碳含量均表现为S1F1＞S1/2F1＞S1F0＞S1/2F0＞S0F1＞CK。且不同秸秆还田处理的土壤有机碳含量逐年升高。【结论】长期免耕秸秆还田能够有效降低农田土壤碳排放、提高农田土壤水分利用率及冬季土壤温度、提高作物产量及土壤有机碳含量。不同秸秆还田处理间以S1F0处理的效果最优。

关键词: 免耕, 冬小麦-夏玉米, 轮作, 秸秆还田, 土壤呼吸, 水热状况

Abstract: 【Objective】The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of straw mulching on soil respiration, soil temperature and soil moisture of winter wheat and summer maize rotation system in no tillage.【Method】From October 2011 to September 2014, a long-term location test of 6 different tillage treatments was set in Yangling, Shaanxi. The treatments used were total amount of straw returning to field+fertilization (S1F1), total amount of straw returning to field+no fertilization(S1F0), half the amount of straw to field+fertilization (S1/2F1), half the amount of straw to field+no fertilization(S1/2F0), without straw+fertilization (S0F1), without straw+no fertilization(S0F0), then the differences in soil respiration, soil temperature, soil moisture, crop yield and soil organic carbon of the soil plow layer under different treatments were measured and analyzed from 2011 to 2014. 【Result】During the growth period of winter wheat, soil respiration rate in each treatment showed an increase after the first downward trend and then a decrease. During the growth period of summer maize, the respiration rate in each treatment showed a trend of first increase and then decrease. During the same growth period, the following was S1F1＞S1/2F1＞S1/2F0＞S0F1＞S1F0＞CK in the average rate and cumulative soil respiration. During different growth stages of the same crop, the cumulative soil respiration in different treatments showed a decreasing trend year by year. In the whole research term, the variation trend of soil temperature was similar with the trend of the monthly average temperature. The soil temperature variation trends of different treatments during the same growth period were similar. Simultaneously, the average soil temperatures during the same period of different treatments were decreased with the increase of soil depth. In winter, the soil temperature of different treatments was higher than that of CK, but the average soil temperature was lower than that of CK in a same growth period. The soil moisture decreased with the increase of soil depth, but the soil moisture was affected by rainfall, the change of soil moisture in different rotation cycles was larger, and the average water moisture of each treatment showed a trend of S1F0＞S1F1＞S1/2F0＞S1/2F1＞CK＞S0F1 in a same growth period. Meanwhile, the soil moisture in different straw mulching treatments was significantly different from that of CK, respectively (P＜0.05); 32.5%-60.4% variations in soil respiration rate could be recorded due to the soil temperature, and 38.4%-82.5% variations in it could be recorded due to the soil moisture. In different depths of soil, the correlation between the soil temperature and the soil respiration in 5 cm depth was the strongest, and the correlation between the soil moisture and the soil respiration at 10-20 cm was the highest. In the same year, the yields of winter wheat and summer maize in different treatments, respectively, showed a trend of S1F1＞S1F0＞S1/2F1＞S0F1＞S1/2F0＞CK. In the research cycle, the yield of wheat increased continuously in three years, and the yield of maize increased in the previous two years of three, but the yield in the third year significantly decreased because of the influence of extremely hot weather. After the harvest of single crop, soil organic carbon in different treatments at the same soil depth, respectively, demonstrated a trend of S1F1＞S1/2F1＞S1F0＞S1/2F0＞S0F1＞CK. Meanwhile, the soil organic carbon in different treatments of straw mulching was increased continuously in the three years.【Conclusion】Long-term no tillage with straw returning can effectively reduce soil carbon emissions, improve soil water use efficiency and winter soil temperature, and increase crop yield and soil organic carbon. The effect of S1F0 treatment is the best among different treatments.

Key words: no tillage, winter wheat-summer maize, rotation, straw returning, soil respiration, water and heat condition

王维钰，乔博，Kashif AKHTAR，袁率，任广鑫，冯永忠. 免耕条件下秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统土壤呼吸及土壤水热状况的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(11): 2136-2152.

WANG Wei-yu, QIAO Bo, Kashif AKHTAR, YUAN Shuai, REN Guang-xin, FENG Yong-zhong. Effects of Straw Returning to Field on Soil Respiration and Soil Water Heat in Winter Wheat - Summer Maize Rotation System Under No Tillage[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(11): 2136-2152.

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