不同水氮管理下锌与氮磷肥配合喷施对冬小麦锌营养品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.20.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探讨潜在缺锌石灰性土壤上，不同水分管理措施及氮肥用量下锌与氮磷肥配合喷施对冬小麦籽粒Zn含量及生物有效性的影响，为提高小麦籽粒锌营养品质进而缓解人体缺锌问题提供理论与实践依据。【方法】以小偃22为试材，于2010年10月至2012年6月，在陕西关中地区进行田间再裂区定位试验，试验设置主处理为3个水分管理措施，分别为常规种植、覆膜种植（垄上覆膜沟内播种）、补灌种植（小麦越冬期灌水40 mm）；副处理为3个施氮水平，N素用量分别为0、120、240 kg·hm^-2，副副处理为4个叶面喷肥处理，分别为CK（喷蒸馏水）、喷Zn（0.3% ZnSO₄·7H₂O）、喷Zn+N（0.3% ZnSO₄·7H₂O+1.7% CO(NH₂)₂）、喷Zn+P（0.3% ZnSO₄·7H₂O+0.2% KH₂PO₄）。通过测定分析籽粒Zn、P以及蛋白质含量，探讨锌与氮磷肥分别配合喷施对小麦锌营养品质的影响。【结果】与常规水分管理相比，越冬期补灌可提高小麦籽粒Zn含量，而覆膜在2011—2012生长季籽粒Zn含量显著降低；补灌在2011—2012年小麦籽粒P/Zn摩尔比显著降低，降低幅度为6.8%。与不施氮相比，施氮120和240 kg·hm^-2在2011—2012生长季均显著提高了籽粒Zn含量，提高幅度分别为2.3%和7.4%；施氮120或240 kg·hm^-2小麦籽粒P/Zn摩尔比均显著降低，且随施氮量的增加降低幅度增大，施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2时，两季平均降低幅度分别为33.0%和25.5%；施氮处理的籽粒蛋白质含量显著提高，籽粒P含量显著降低。与喷水（CK）相比，喷肥处理（喷Zn、喷Zn+N和喷Zn+P）小麦籽粒锌含量分别由对照处理的20.6 mg·kg^-1提高到了40.3、39.6和33.7 mg·kg^-1，两季平均提高幅度分别为95.5%、92.2%和63.5%，表明锌肥与氮肥或磷肥分别配合喷施均是提高籽粒Zn含量的重要农艺措施。喷Zn+N处理提高小麦籽粒锌含量的效果优于喷Zn+P处理，籽粒平均锌含量提高5.9 mg·kg^-1；喷Zn、喷Zn+N和喷Zn+P处理的籽粒P/Zn摩尔比均显著降低，两季平均降低幅度分别为48.5%、47.6%和38.5%，其中喷Zn处理在补灌且施氮240 kg·hm^-2时籽粒P/Zn摩尔比降低幅度达66.7%；与喷水相比，喷Zn+N处理的籽粒蛋白质含量显著提高，提高幅度两季分别为5.4%和11.2%。与常规不施氮相比，喷肥处理在补灌施氮条件下籽粒富锌效果较好。不同水氮管理下锌与氮磷肥配合喷施，在补灌条件下施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2时喷Zn+N处理对提高籽粒Zn含量和Zn生物有效性的效果较好，与常规不施氮喷水处理相比，提高幅度分别为110.1%和64.5%，同时籽粒蛋白质含量也显著提高。【结论】在潜在缺锌土壤地区，适宜的水分管理措施（冬季补灌）及增施氮肥均表现出一定的提高籽粒Zn含量及Zn生物有效性的作用，锌与氮肥及锌与磷肥分别配合喷施均对改善籽粒锌营养品质有显著促进作用，且锌肥与氮肥配合喷施效果优于锌肥与磷肥配合喷施。因此，综合考虑经济效益与作物锌营养品质，在适时灌溉及适量施氮条件下锌肥与氮肥混合喷施将是潜在缺锌土壤上一种快速提高小麦籽粒锌营养品质的有效途径，具有在潜在缺锌土壤地区甚至是其它缺锌地区广泛推广的前景。

关键词: 小麦籽粒, 喷肥, 施氮量, Zn含量, P/Zn摩尔比

Abstract: 【Objective】To alleviate the Zn deficiency problems in human population, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar Zn combined with N or P on grain Zn nutritional quality of wheat under different soil water managements and soil N application rates. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in Guan-zhong Plain with a split-split plot design. The main plot treatments were three soil water management treatments: conventional planting, plastic film mulching (ridge mulching with film and furrow planting with winter wheat), and supplemental irrigation (40 mm irrigation during the over-wintering stage). And the sub-plot treatments were three N application treatments: 0, 120 and 240 kg N·hm^-2. The sub-sub-plot treatments were: CK (distilled water), foliar Zn (0.3% ZnSO₄·7H₂O), foliar Zn+N (0.3% ZnSO₄·7H₂O+1.7% CO(NH₂)₂), foliar Zn+P (0.3% ZnSO₄·7H₂O+0.2% KH₂PO₄). Grain samples were analyzed for Zn, P, and protein concentrations. 【Result】 The obtained results showed that compared to conventional planting, supplemental irrigation significantly increased grain Zn concentration, but film mulching significantly decreased grain Zn concentration in 2011-2012; Grain P/Zn molar ratio was significantly decreased by supplementary irrigation (6.8%) in 2011-2012. Compared to N0 treatment, grain Zn concentration was significantly increased by the N120 and N240 treatments in 2010-2011, with an average of 2.3% and 7.4%, respectively. Besides, N120 and N240 significantly decreased grain P/Zn molar ratio, and the decrement was higher in N240 than in N120, which resulted in a significantly decreased grain P/Zn molar ratio by 33.0% in 2010-2011 and 25.5% in 2011-2012 when compared to the N0 treatment. Furthermore, N fertilizer application resulted in a significant increase in grain protein concentration, but a significant reduction in grain P concentration. Compared with the CK treatment, foliar Zn, foliar Zn+N, and foliar Zn+P treatments significantly increased grain Zn concentrations from 20.6 mg·kg^-1 to 40.3, 39.6 and 33.7 mg·kg^-1, with an average extent of 95.5%, 96.0%, and 63.5%, respectively. These results suggest that combined foliar application of Zn with N or P fertilizers are the efficient agronomic approaches to increase grain Zn concentrations. Meanwhile, the increase in grain Zn concentration in the foliar Zn+N treatment was 5.9 mg·kg^-1 higher than in the foliar Zn+P treatment. Foliar Zn, foliar Zn+N, and foliar Zn+P significantly reduced P/Zn molar ratio by an average of 48.0%, 47.5% and 38.5%, respectively. Foliar Zn application significantly decreased P/Zn molar ratio by 66.7% in 240 kg N·hm^-2 and supplemental irrigation treatment. Grain protein concentration was significantly enhanced by foliar Zn+N treatment, with an average of 5.4% in 2010-2011 and 11.2% in 2011-2012. The foliar fertilizer application induced grain Zn accumulation was maximized by N fertilizer application and supplemental irrigation. When compared to the control treatment (foliar spraying distilled water, 0 kg N·hm^-2, and conventional planting), the foliar Zn+N with 120 kg N·hm^-2 and supplemental irrigation treatment caused the highest increase in grain Zn concentration (110.1%), and the largest decrease in grain P/Zn molar ratio (64.5%). 【Conclusion】Optimal water management practice (supplemental irrigation) and N fertilizer application promoted grain Zn accumulation and increased grain Zn bioavailability in the potentially Zn deficient soils, but there was highly significant increase in grain Zn concentration and bioavailability in the foliar Zn combined with N or P application treatments. And the increase in grain Zn nutritional quality was higher when foliar Zn combined with N than foliar Zn combined with P. Based on the economic benefit and Zn nutritional quality, timely irrigation, moderate N application and foliar Zn combined with N will be an effective method to improve grain Zn nutritional quality of wheat grain, which has a bright promoting prospect in the regions with potentially Zn-deficient or Zn deficient soils.

Key words: wheat grain, foliar application, nitrogen application rates, Zn concentration, P/Zn molar ratio

李宏云，王少霞，李萌，田霄鸿，赵爱青，国春慧. 不同水氮管理下锌与氮磷肥配合喷施对冬小麦锌营养品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(20): 4016-4026.

LI Hong-yun, WANG Shao-xia, LI Meng, TIAN Xiao-hong, ZHAO Ai-qing, GUO Chun-hui. Effects of Combined Foliar Zn Application with N or P Under Different Water and Nitrogen Managements on Zn Nutritional Quality of Winter Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(20): 4016-4026.

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