持续弱光胁迫对马铃薯苗期生长和光合特性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.03.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探讨持续弱光对马铃薯幼苗光合生理特性的影响，进行不同基因型对弱光适应性差异的植物学与细胞学性状的系统研究，为马铃薯耐弱光遗传资源的筛选和利用提供依据。【方法】以马铃薯原始栽培种Yan （Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena var. yanacochense）和普通栽培品种Favorita（Solanum tuberosum）为供试材料，选用50 g马铃薯块茎播种，进行基质盆栽，萌芽后用人工气候箱进行50 μmol•m-2•s-1 的持续弱光处理（对照光强为350 μmol•m-2•s-1）。1个月后分析测定各处理的生长状况；采用LI-COR 6400 便携式光合作用仪测定功能叶片的净光合速率、光合曲线参数、CO2 曲线参数、叶绿素含量；功能叶片主脉两侧切取大小1—2 mm 见方小块，处理后用JEM-1200EX 型电镜扫描观察叶片气孔并照相，分析统计单位面积气孔数量、测量气孔长度与宽；功能叶片经前处理后用LKB-5 型超薄切片机切片，醋酸铀-柠檬酸铅双重染色，JGE-1200EX 型透射电镜观察叶绿体超微结构、测量并照相。【结果】苗期持续弱光处理使马铃薯Favorita 植株明显徒长，叶片变小变薄，但枝叶分化不受影响；原始栽培种Yan 则枝叶分化困难，处理过程中生长缓慢，处理后加强环境光照强度亦无法恢复其生长速度与长势；持续弱光处理使两种基因型马铃薯叶片光作用的表观量子效率（AQE）、光合作用饱和点（LSP）、叶片最大净光合速率（Pnmax）、CO2 饱和点（CSP）、叶绿素含量降低；表观羧化率（EC）、CO2 补偿点（CCP）上升；Favorita 的光补偿点（LCP）、表观羧化率（EC）下降；Yan 的光补偿点（LCP）上升，表观羧化率（EC），CO2 饱和点（CSP）与对照差异不显著。长期弱光胁迫使马铃薯叶片气孔密度，叶绿体数量下降。Favorita 的叶绿体基粒数、基粒片层数含量升高，Yan 的叶绿体基粒片层数不增反降。【结论】不同基因型枝叶分化对光的敏感性不同，差异明显。环境光照不足，敏感基因型的发育与生长都受到严重阻碍，伤害无法通过后期增强光照恢复。持续弱光胁迫使马铃薯叶片光合速率显著下降，对强光的利用能力减弱。适应强的材料（Favorita）可利用最小光强下调，即对弱光的利用能力增强，同时暗呼吸速率降低；而适应弱的材料（Yan）可利用最小光强则上调，可利用光强范围变窄，暗呼吸速率仍然维持较高水平，致使有机物合成和积累困难。持续弱光胁迫改变了马铃薯叶肉细胞排列方式，使叶片气孔密度下降，气孔器变小，气孔器长宽比有增加的趋势，细胞叶绿体数量减少，叶绿素成分比例改变。适应性较强的基因型通过增加叶绿体基粒数、基粒片层数和叶绿素b的含量来提高胁迫下对有效光源的捕捉能力；敏感基因型叶绿体基粒的形成受到影响，基粒片层数，气孔密度显著减少，有效光源捕捉能力和CO2 亲和力显著下降。

关键词: 马铃薯 , 苗期 , 弱光 , 光合特性 , 叶绿体超微结构 , 气孔

Abstract: 1College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128; 2Center of Analytical Service, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128; 3Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081) Abstract: 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sustained weak light on growing conditions and photosynthetic characteristics of potato leaves at the seedling stage and to offer a theoretical basis for screening and utilization of new resistant potato resources to weak light.【Method】 The original cultivated potato Yan (S. tuberosum subsp. andigena var. yanacochense) and cultivated potato Favorita (S. tuberosum) were grown in a growth chamber at 50 μmol•m-2•s-1 and 350 μmol•m-2•s-1 light, respectively, using potato tuber (50 g) growing in medium. After 1 month treatment, the growth of the test materials was measured. Plant phenotype, the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic curve, the CO2 response curve were tested by LI-COR 6400 portable photosynthesis system. The stomatal morphological characters were measured using JEM-1200EX scanning electron micrography. The ultrastructure of chloroplast was observed by transmission electron microscope using the blade section after uranium acetate-citrate double staining.【Result】There was a difference between the treatment and the control in leaf size, morphology of plant. Favorita had weak vigour, slender seedling with smaller pale green foliage. Foliage and branch induction of Yan were very difficult and grew extremely slowly in or after treatment. Sustained light treatment significantly reduced the apparent quantum yield (AQE), light saturation point (LSP), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax), CO2 saturation concentration (CSP), and the chlorophyll content efficiency, and improved apparent carboxylation rate (EC), and CO2 compensation concentration (CCP) simultaneously. The light compensation point (LCP) of Yan was activated in the treatment. While the LCP and EC of Favorita were reverse. The EC, CSP of Yan had no difference between the treatment and the control. Growing under weak light, the stomatal density, chloroplast number declined. The numbers of grana and grana lamellae increased in Favorita. On the contrary, the number of grana lamellae decreased in Yan. 【Conclusion】 Foliage differentiation of potato was hypersensitivity to light. There was a significant genotypic difference. The development and growth of the sensitive genotypes were hindered when plants acclimated to low light (50 μmol•m-2•s-1). The damage could not be resumed by restoring strong light later. The sustained weak light treatment at seedling stage depressed photosynthetic rate (Pn) and dark respiration rate (Rday). Saturation point of plant fell off along with the light intensities reduced. Following the dark respiration rate (Rday) being decreased, Favorita potato could adapt to lower light intensity by reducing the light compensation point. On the contrary, Yan could not adapt to lower light intensity. Appeared organic matter accumulated difficulties because of the improved light compensation point (LCP), the narrowing effective intensity range and the increased dark respiration rate (Rday). Under sustained weak light stress, the mesophyll cell arrangement was changed , and the stomatal density, the stomatal apparatus and numbers of chloroplasts decreased significantly, the stomatal apparatus length-width ratio had a tendency to increase, and chlorophyll composition ratio changed. Favorita potato improved the capture ability of effective light sources by increasing the number of chloroplast grana, grana lamella and chlorophyll b. Yan potato had subdued capturing ability of effective light and CO2 affinity because the formation of chloroplast grana was affected and the number of chloroplast grana, grana lamella and stomatal density decreased.

Key words: potato , seedling , weak light , photosynthetic characteristics , chloroplast ultrastructure , stomata

秦玉芝1, 邢铮1, 邹剑锋2, 何长征1, 李炎林1, 熊兴耀1, 3. 持续弱光胁迫对马铃薯苗期生长和光合特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(3): 537-545.

QIN Yu-Zhi-1, XING Zheng-1, ZOU Jian-Feng-2, HE Chang-Zheng-1, LI Yan-Lin-1, XIONG Xing-Yao-1, 3 . Effects of Sustained Weak Light on Seedling Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Potato Seedlings[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(3): 537-545.

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