休闲期耕作对旱地小麦土壤水分、花后脯氨酸积累 及籽粒蛋白质积累的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.22.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究休闲期不同时间耕作对土壤水分、花后旗叶和籽粒脯氨酸积累、籽粒蛋白质积累的影响，旨在探索休闲期一次性耕作的蓄水保墒技术，为旱地小麦高产、优质提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验设定前茬小麦收获后15 d、45 d两个时期，深翻、深松两种耕作方式（以未耕作为对照），研究其对播前0—300 cm土壤蓄水量，花后旗叶和籽粒脯氨酸含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性动态变化，籽粒蛋白质含量动态变化的影响及花后脯氨酸含量与两种氮代谢酶活性的关系。【结果】休闲期深翻或深松均可提高旱地小麦播前0—300 cm土壤蓄水量，且欠水年效果明显，以前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻效果较好。休闲期耕作降低了花后旗叶脯氨酸含量、花后5—15 d籽粒脯氨酸含量、旗叶和籽粒GDH活性，提高了籽粒GS活性、籽粒蛋白质产量。但耕作时间在不同降雨年型对旗叶GS活性、籽粒蛋白质含量的影响存在差异，在欠水年，休闲期耕作降低了旗叶GS活性、籽粒蛋白质含量；在丰水年，麦收后15 d耕作降低了旗叶GS活性、籽粒蛋白质含量，而麦收后45 d耕作则相反。休闲期耕作条件下，旱地小麦播前土壤蓄水量与籽粒脯氨酸含量的相关性高于与旗叶脯氨酸含量的相关性。前茬小麦收获后15 d耕作条件下，旗叶脯氨酸含量与旗叶GDH活性相关性较大，籽粒脯氨酸含量与旗叶GS活性相关性较大；前茬小麦收获后45 d耕作条件下，旗叶脯氨酸含量与籽粒GDH活性相关性较大，而籽粒脯氨酸含量与两种酶活性无显著相关性。【结论】休闲期耕作有利于蓄水保墒，且欠水年效果较明显，有利于降低花后旗叶脯氨酸含量及灌浆前期籽粒脯氨酸含量，减缓花后小麦干旱胁迫，由于脯氨酸含量与两种氮代谢酶有一定相关性，从而影响籽粒蛋白质积累。休闲期耕作的时间对土壤水分、花后脯氨酸积累、籽粒蛋白质积累有较大的调控效应，且以休闲期等雨后耕作有利于籽粒蛋白质形成，深翻效果较好。

关键词: 旱地小麦 , 休闲期 , 耕作 , 脯氨酸含量 , 氮代谢 , 籽粒蛋白质含量

Abstract: 【Objective】 A field plot experiment was conducted to study the effect of tillage in fallow period at different times on soil water storage, post-anthesis proline accumulation in flag leaves and grains and grains protein accumulation in winter wheat. The study will supply a new way for soil moisture conservation of one time in fallow period and a theoretical basis for improving yield and quality of dryland wheat.【Method】The effects of two treatment stages including 15 days and 45 days after wheat harvest, two tillage methods including deep tillage and subsoiling (no tillage as control) on soil water storage, post-anthesis proline accumulation in flag leaves and grains, protein accumulation, the change of activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) and activity of glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH), grains protein and the relation between proline content and nitrogen metabolism enzyme were determined. 【Result】The results showed that soil water storage at the depth of 0-300 cm was improved by tillage in fallow period, especially in dry year and deep tillage in 45 days after wheat harvest had better soil moisture conservation effects. Proline content in flag leaves, proline content in grains of post-anthesis 5-15 d and activity of GDH in flag leaves and grains were reduced, however, GS in grains and protein yield in grains were enhanced by tillage in fallow period. Tillage stage had obvious difference in activity of GS and grain protein content in different rainfall years. Activity of GS in flag leaves and protein content in grains were reduced by tillage in dry year. In abundant water year the activity of GS in flag leaves and protein content in grains were reduced in 15 days after wheat harvest and enhanced in 45 days after wheat harvest by tillage. Under tillage in fallow period, the correlation between soil water storage before sowing and proline content in grains was higher than that of proline content in flag leaves by tillage in fallow period. The relation between proline content in flag leaves and the activity of GDH in flag leaves, proline content in grains and the activity of GS in flag leaves was closed in 15 days after wheat harvest by tillage. The relation between proline content in flag leaves and the activity of GDH in grains was closed in 45 days after wheat harvest by tillage. But there were no relation between proline in grains and two enzymes in 45 days after wheat harvest by tillage. 【Conclusion】The above results suggested that tillage in fallow period especially in dry year had better soil moisture conservation effects, benefit for decreasing the proline content in flag leaves and proline content in grains at early filling stage, relieving drought degree of wheat suffered. As proline content had a great relation with nitrogen metabolism enzyme, so grains protein accumulation was affected. Tillage stage had great regulation effects on soil water, post-anthesis proline accumulation and grains protein accumulation. Deep tillage after rainfall benefit for grains protein formation.

Key words: dryland wheat , fallow period , tillage , proline content , nitrogen metabolism , protein content

赵红梅, 高志强, 孙敏, 赵维峰, 李青, 邓妍, 杨珍平. 休闲期耕作对旱地小麦土壤水分、花后脯氨酸积累及籽粒蛋白质积累的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(22): 4574-4586.

ZHAO Hong-Mei, GAO Zhi-Qiang, SUN Min, ZHAO Wei-Feng, LI Qing, DENG Yan, YANG Zhen-Ping. Effect of Tillage in Fallow Period on Soil Water, Post-Anthesis Proline Accumulation and Grains Protein Accumulation in Dryland Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(22): 4574-4586.

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