中国农业科学 ›› 2014, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7): 1273-1289.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.07.004
张洪程, 龚金龙
收稿日期:
2013-09-11
出版日期:
2014-04-01
发布日期:
2014-01-17
作者简介:
张洪程,Tel:0514-87979220;E-mail:hczhang@yzu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家粮食丰产科技工程资助项目(2011BAD16B03)、农业部超级稻专项(02318802013231)、江苏省科技支撑项目(BE2012301)、江苏省农业科技自主创新项目(CX(12)1003-9)、农业部公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102)
ZHANG Hong-Cheng, GONG Jin-Long
Received:
2013-09-11
Online:
2014-04-01
Published:
2014-01-17
摘要: 水稻种植机械化是中国作物机械化生产的难点。论文在回顾中国水稻机械化种植发展概况的基础上,重点总结与阐述水稻3种机械化种植方式下的高产规律与栽培农艺。(1)系统归纳了盘育毯苗机插水稻的生长发育特性,重点阐述了毯苗机插稻的高产形成规律,即以合理的茎蘖动态与LAI动态,提高群体中后期光合物质生产能力;以合理增加生育中期有效与高效生长量,提高抽穗后物质生产积累量与最终生物学产量;以足量穗数与较大穗型协调产出足够的群体总颖花量,并保持通常的结实率与粒重。同时介绍了相配套的高产栽培农艺:①培育标准化壮秧,提供构建高产群体起点的生物基础;②机械精确栽插,形成高质量群体起点;③前期及早促进,在有效分蘖临界叶龄期稍前群体茎蘖数够到高产适宜穗数值;④及早适度搁田,把群体高峰苗控制为适宜穗数值的1.4—1.5倍,为及早重施壮秆促花肥创造条件;⑤主攻中期优化生长,增加有效与高效生长量,以适量壮秆大穗构成高光效群体;⑥强化后期物质生产与积累,提高群体库容充实量。(2)系统介绍了钵苗机插水稻高产栽培具有的诸多优势:利于精确培育大秧龄带土钵壮秧;几乎无植伤地精确机插;可精确实现高产栽培设计的基本苗;利于培育适宜数量的壮秆大穗,改善群体通风透光条件,增强植株抗倒性;源库较协调,群体中后期光合生产能力强,利于稳定高产与创造超高产;同时可充分利用温光资源,利于多熟制周年高产。实施高产栽培的关键农艺为:①精确培育加大秧龄的壮秧;②精确定量机插;③适当重施分蘖肥与促花肥。(3)阐述了机直播稻生长发育特点与产量形成特征,介绍了合理确定机直播稻种植范围、选用相适生育期的抗倒大穗型品种、抢早机械精播、切实加强化学除草与肥水管理等增产增效的农艺措施。同时,进一步分析了中国水稻种植机械化存在的主要问题,紧贴国情,明确提出专业化培育标准化壮秧与机械精确移栽,并配套稳定高产高效农艺,应是中国多数稻区栽培机械化的基本方向,机械化直播可在稻季热量丰裕的部分地区应用。接着,指明了相应的研发重点与关键:①强调把毯苗机插高产栽培列为中国水稻主产区机械化主体方向加以重点研发,认为必须加强研发的重点是:增强毯苗秧龄弹性与秧苗素质;秸秆机械高质量还田整地与精确栽插秧苗;促进大田稳靠早发,培育适量壮秆大穗,增加群体总库容量。②降低机具成本,提高作业效率以及稳定超高产高效农艺的构建,则是水稻钵苗机插栽培研究的重点。③机直播稻高产栽培农艺发展应重点研究以高效的机械作业提高前茬秸秆还田质量与整地质量,提高机械精确播种质量与全苗早发的技术。文章最后还强调各水稻主产区,应据本区特点切实搞好当地主体机械化种植方式高产栽培全程机械化模式的技术集成与示范推广。
张洪程, 龚金龙. 中国水稻种植机械化高产农艺研究现状及发展探讨[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(7): 1273-1289.
ZHANG Hong-Cheng, GONG Jin-Long. Research Status and Development Discussion on High-Yielding Agronomy of Mechanized Planting Rice in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(7): 1273-1289.
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