|
|
|
|
|
| Replanting Affects the Tree Growth and Fruit Quality of Gala Apple |
| LIU En-tai, WANG Gong-shuai, LI Yuan-yuan, SHEN Xiang, CHEN Xue-sen, SONG Fu-hai, WU Shu-jing, CHEN Qiang, MAO Zhi-quan |
1、College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018,
P.R.China
2、Qingdao Bright Moon Bluesea Bio-Tech Co, Ltd., Qingdao 266400, P.R.China
3、Faculty of Landscape Architecture, College of Art, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, P.R.China |
|
|
|
摘要 Apple replant disease (ARD) causes the inhibition of root system development, stunts tree growth and so on. To further investigate the effects of ARD on apple fruits, a 25-year-old apple orchard was remediated to establish a replant orchard between November 2008 and March 2009. A rotational cropping orchard was established on an adjacent wheat field. The cultivar and rootstock-scion combination used in the newly established orchards was Royal Gala/M26/Malus hupehensis Rehd. Ripe fruits were collected in mid-August 2011 and mid-August 2012, meanwhile, the following indices were measured: yield per plant; fruit weight; the fruit shape index; the contents of anthocyanin, carotenoid and chlorophyll; the soluble sugar content in the flesh; titratable acid; the sugar-acid ratio; firmness; and aroma components; apple plant ground diameter, plant height increment and the total length of the current-year shoots. The results showed that compared to rotational cropping, continuous cropping yielded statistically significant reductions in fruit weight and yield per plant of 39.8 and 76.5%, respectively. However, there were no changes in the fruit shape index. The anthocyanin and carotenoid contents decreased by 81.7 and 37.7%, respectively, while the chlorophyll content increased by 251.0%. All of these differences in content were statistically significant. The soluble sugar levels and sugar-acid ratio decreased by 25.4 and 60.9%, respectively, but the titratable acid levels and fruit firmness increased by 90.9 and 42.8%, respectively. Ten of the most important esters contributing to the apple aroma were analyzed, and the following changes were observed: hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, hexyl butyrate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate, amyl acetate, butyl butyrate, 2-methyl-butyl butyrate, hexyl propionate and hexyl hexanoate decreased by 25.5, 78.4, 89.1, 55.5, 79.5, 77.2, 86.8, 69.9, 61.2, and 68.1%, respectively. The contents of three other aroma components, (E)-2-hexenal, hexanal and 1-hexanol, significantly increased. Eight characteristic aroma components were found in the rotational cropping fruits: hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate, amyl acetate, 2-methyl- butyl butyrate, hexyl acetate and hexyl propionate. There were four characteristic ester components (hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate) and two characteristic aldehyde aroma components ((E)-2-hexenal and hexanal) in the continuous cropping fruits. Compared with the rotational cropping fruits, four characteristic ester components were declined and two characteristic aldehyde aroma components were increased. Compared with the control, replanted apple plant ground diameter, plant height increment and the total length of the current-year shoots were reduced by 27.6, 40.6 and 72.2%, respectively.
Abstract Apple replant disease (ARD) causes the inhibition of root system development, stunts tree growth and so on. To further investigate the effects of ARD on apple fruits, a 25-year-old apple orchard was remediated to establish a replant orchard between November 2008 and March 2009. A rotational cropping orchard was established on an adjacent wheat field. The cultivar and rootstock-scion combination used in the newly established orchards was Royal Gala/M26/Malus hupehensis Rehd. Ripe fruits were collected in mid-August 2011 and mid-August 2012, meanwhile, the following indices were measured: yield per plant; fruit weight; the fruit shape index; the contents of anthocyanin, carotenoid and chlorophyll; the soluble sugar content in the flesh; titratable acid; the sugar-acid ratio; firmness; and aroma components; apple plant ground diameter, plant height increment and the total length of the current-year shoots. The results showed that compared to rotational cropping, continuous cropping yielded statistically significant reductions in fruit weight and yield per plant of 39.8 and 76.5%, respectively. However, there were no changes in the fruit shape index. The anthocyanin and carotenoid contents decreased by 81.7 and 37.7%, respectively, while the chlorophyll content increased by 251.0%. All of these differences in content were statistically significant. The soluble sugar levels and sugar-acid ratio decreased by 25.4 and 60.9%, respectively, but the titratable acid levels and fruit firmness increased by 90.9 and 42.8%, respectively. Ten of the most important esters contributing to the apple aroma were analyzed, and the following changes were observed: hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, hexyl butyrate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate, amyl acetate, butyl butyrate, 2-methyl-butyl butyrate, hexyl propionate and hexyl hexanoate decreased by 25.5, 78.4, 89.1, 55.5, 79.5, 77.2, 86.8, 69.9, 61.2, and 68.1%, respectively. The contents of three other aroma components, (E)-2-hexenal, hexanal and 1-hexanol, significantly increased. Eight characteristic aroma components were found in the rotational cropping fruits: hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate, amyl acetate, 2-methyl- butyl butyrate, hexyl acetate and hexyl propionate. There were four characteristic ester components (hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate) and two characteristic aldehyde aroma components ((E)-2-hexenal and hexanal) in the continuous cropping fruits. Compared with the rotational cropping fruits, four characteristic ester components were declined and two characteristic aldehyde aroma components were increased. Compared with the control, replanted apple plant ground diameter, plant height increment and the total length of the current-year shoots were reduced by 27.6, 40.6 and 72.2%, respectively.
|
|
Received: 24 May 2013
Accepted:
|
| Fund: The research was supported by the Earmarked Fund for National Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (CARS-28), China, the Key Innovation Project for Agricultural Application Technology of Shandong Province, China and Yangtze River Scholar and Innovative Team Development Plan of the Ministry of Education, China (IRT1155). |
|
Corresponding Authors:
MAO Zhi-quan, Tel: +86-538-8241984, Fax: +86-538-8242544, E-mail: mzhiquan@sdau.edu.cn
|
| About author: LIU En-tai, E-mail: liuentaisdau@126.com; |
Cite this article:
LIU En-tai, WANG Gong-shuai, LI Yuan-yuan, SHEN Xiang, CHEN Xue-sen, SONG Fu-hai, WU Shu-jing, CHEN Qiang, MAO Zhi-quan.
2014.
Replanting Affects the Tree Growth and Fruit Quality of Gala Apple. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 13(8): 1699-1706.
|
| Aaby K, Haffner K, Skrede G. 2002. Aroma quality of Gravenstein apples influenced by regular and controlled atmosphere storage. Food Science and Technology, 35, 254-259 Arakawa O. 1988. Photoregulation of anthocyanin synthesis in apple fruit under UV-B and red light. Plant and Cell Physiology, 29, 1385-1389 Bai R, Ma F, Liang D, Zhao X. 2009. Phthalic acid induces oxidative stress and alters the activity of some antioxidant enzymes in roots of Malus prunifolia. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 35, 488-494 Caruso F L, Neubauer B F, Begin M D. 1989. A histological study of apple roots affected by replant disease. Canadian Journal of Botany-revue Canadienne de Botanique, 67, 742-749 Dandekar A M, Teo G, Defilippi B G, Uratsu S L, Passey A J, Kader A A, Stow J R, Colgan R J, James D J. 2004. Effect of down-regulation of ethylene biosynthesis on fruit flavor complex in apple fruit. Transgenic Research, 13, 373-384 Dixon J, Hewett E W. 2000. Factors affecting apple aroma/ flavour volatile concentration: A review. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 28, 155-173 Echeverría G, Fuentes T, Graell J, Lara I, Lopez M. 2004. Aroma volatile compounds of ‘Fuji’ apples in relation to harvest date and cold storage technology: A comparison of two seasons. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 32, 29-44 Echeverría G, Graell J, Lara I, López M. 2008. Physicochemical measurements in ‘Mondial Gala®’apples stored at different atmospheres: Influence on consumer acceptability. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 50, 135-144 GB-T6194-86 1986. Determination of soluble sugar in vegetable and fruit. Standardization Administration of the Peoples Republic of China. (in Chinese) Hoestra H. 1968. Replant diseases of apple in the Netherlands. Ph D thesis, Mededelingen Landbouwhoge-school Wageningen, the Netherlands. Jia D X, Mi W G, Yang R L, Chen S F, Zhang F L. 1991. Classification standards based on the relationship between fruit sugar/acid content and flavor in apple cultivars. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 18, 9-14 (in Chinese) Kim S H, Lee J R, Hong S T, Yoo Y K, An G, Kim S R. 2003. Molecular cloning and analysis of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes preferentially expressed in apple skin. Plant Science, 165, 403-413 Laurent A S, Merwin I A, Fazio G, Thies J E, Brown M G. 2010. Rootstock genotype succession influences apple replant disease and root-zone microbial community composition in an orchard soil. Plant and Soil, 337, 259- 272. López M, Villatoro C, Fuentes T, Graell J, Lara I, Echeverría G. 2007. Volatile compounds, quality parameters and consumer acceptance of ‘Pink Lady®’apples stored in different conditions. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 43, 55-66 Mai W F, Abawi G S. 1981. Controlling replant diseases of pome and stone fruits in northeastern United States by preplant fumigation. Plant Disease, 65, 859-864 Mazzola M. 1998. Elucidation of the microbial complex having a causal role in the development of apple replant disease in Washington. Phytopathology, 88, 930-938 Mazzola M, Manici L M. 2012. Apple replant disease: Role of microbial ecology in cause and control. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 50, 45-65 Mazzola M, Zhao X. 2010. Brassica juncea seed meal particle size influences chemistry but not soil biology-based suppression of individual agents inciting apple replant disease. Plant and Soil, 337, 313-324 Mehinagic E, Royer G, Symoneaux R, Jourjon F, Prost C. 2006. Characterization of odor-active volatiles in apples: influence of cultivars and maturity stage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 2678-2687 Nie J Y, Li Z X, Li H F, Li J, Wang K, Mu Y L, Xu G F, Yan Z, Wu X, Qin X. 2012. Study of the evaluation indices of the physical and chemical qualities of apple. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 45, 2895-2903 (in Chinese) Oshita S, Shima K, Haruta T, Seo Y, Kawagoe Y, Nakayama S, Takahara H. 2000. Discrimination of odors emanating from ‘La France’pear by semi-conducting polymer sensors. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 26, 209-216 Pirie A, Mullins M G. 1976. Changes in anthocyanin and phenolics content of grapevine leaf and fruit tissues treated with sucrose, nitrate, and abscisic acid. Plant Physiology, 58, 468-472 Sanz C, Olias J M, Perez A. 1996. Aroma Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 125-156 van Schoor L, Denman S, Cook N. 2009. Characterisation of apple replant disease under South African conditions and potential biological management strategies. Scientia Horticulturae, 119, 153-162 Tewoldemedhin Y T, Mazzola M, Botha W J, Spies C F J, McLeod A. 2011b. Characterization of fungi (Fusarium and Rhizoctonia) and oomycetes (Phytophthora and Pythium) associated with apple orchards in South Africa. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 130, 215-229 Tewoldemedhin Y T, Mazzola M, Mostert L, McLeod A. 2011a. Cylindrocarpon species associated with apple tree roots in South Africa and their quantification using real-time PCR. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 129, 637-651 Traquair J A. 1984. Etiology and control of orchard replant problems: a review. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 6, 54-62 Wang H B, Li L G, Chen X S, Li H F, Yang J M, Liu J F, Wang C. 2010. Flavor compounds and flavor quality of fruits of mid-season apple cultivars. Scientia Agriculture Sinica, 43, 2300-2306 (in Chinese) Yuan Y B, Liu C L, Ju Z G. 1995. The mechanisms of apple skin reddening. Annual Review of Horticulture, 1, 121- 132. (in Chinese) Zhao S J, Shi G A, Dong X C. 1998. Techniques for Plant Physiology Experiment. Chinese Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing, China. pp. 55-57 (in Chinese) |
| No Suggested Reading articles found! |
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|
