Co-applying mild alternate wetting and drying with biochar synergistically improves rice yield and quality

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.02.015

Journal of Integrative Agriculture

2026, Vol. 25

Issue (9): 3595-3608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2026.02.015

Crop Science

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Co-applying mild alternate wetting and drying with biochar synergistically improves rice yield and quality

Haotian Chen^{1, 2}, Yunyi Gu^{1, 2}, Shengkai Yang^{1, 2}, Xiaohan Zhong^{1, 2}, Meijie Jia^{1, 2}, Wei Cai^{1, 2}, Kuanyu Zhu^{1, 2}, Junfei Gu^{1, 2}, Kaifeng Huang³, Hao Zhang^{1, 2}, Zhiqin Wang^{1, 2}, Zujian Zhang^{1, 2}, Lijun Liu^{1, 2}, Jianhua Zhang^{4, 5},Weiyang Zhang^{1, 2#}

¹Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

²Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

³School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China

⁴Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China

⁵State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China

Highlights

● Co-application of mild alternate wetting and drying (Mild AWD) and biochar significantly increased rice grain yield.

● Co-application of Mild AWD and biochar comprehensively improved rice grain quality by enhancing source–sink coordination and starch biosynthesis.

● A minimum soil water potential of –10 to –15 kPa at a depth of 15–20 cm was identified as the optimal threshold for Mild AWD in rice production.

Abstract
References

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摘要

为应对水资源短缺与优质稻米需求增长的双重挑战，本研究探讨了轻干湿交替（Mild AWD）灌溉与小麦秸秆生物炭联合应用对水稻产量及籽粒品质的协同效应。本研究于2023−2024年开展了为期两年的大田试验，供试材料为杂交稻品种“甬优2640”。设置两种灌溉模式：传统水层灌溉（CF）和轻干湿交替灌溉（在土壤15−20 cm深处水势为−10到−15 kPa时复水），每种灌溉模式下设施用生物炭（10 t ha⁻¹）一次性施用与不施用处理。结果表明，与CF相比，Mild AWD与生物炭联合应用使2023年和2024年的产量分别显著提高了18.7%和13.4%。同时，该联合处理还系统改善了稻米品质，体现为加工品质提升（整精米率提高23.1%−24.6%）、外观品质改善（垩白度降低36.4%−38.2%）、蒸煮食味品质优化（峰值黏度更高、糊化温度与糊化焓降低）及营养品质增强（谷蛋白含量增加、醇溶蛋白含量以及淀粉消化率降低）。这些改善主要归因于根系活力与叶片光合速率的协同增强，促进了光合同化物在营养器官的积累以及向籽粒的转运。此外，关键淀粉合成酶活性的提高进一步促进了淀粉的生物合成与积累，为产量和品质的协同改善提供了生理基础。本研究还明确了土壤15−20 cm深度水势在−10至−15 kPa是实施Mild AWD灌溉的最佳阈值。该研究为高产优质水稻协同栽培提供了一项具有规模化应用潜力的种植方案。

Abstract To address the dual challenges of water scarcity and rising demand for premium rice, this study investigated the synergistic effects of mild alternate wetting and drying (Mild AWD) irrigation combined with wheat straw biochar application on rice yield and grain quality. A two-year field experiment (2023–2024) was conducted with the hybrid rice cultivar Yongyou 2640, with two irrigation regimes: continuous flooding (CF) and Mild AWD (re-irrigation at a soil water potential of –10 to –15 kPa at 15–20 cm depth), with or without a one-time biochar application (10 t ha⁻¹). The results showed that co-application of Mild AWD and biochar significantly increased grain yield by 18.7% in 2023 and 13.4% in 2024 compared to CF alone. It also comprehensively improved grain quality: milling quality (head rice rate increased by 23.1–24.6%), appearance quality (chalkiness reduced by 36.4–38.2%), cooking and eating quality (higher peak viscosity and lower gelatinization temperature and enthalpy), and nutritional quality (increased glutelin and decreased prolamin content and starch digestion). These improvements were attributed to enhanced root activity alongside leaf photosynthetic rate, which promotes the accumulation of photoassimilates in vegetative organs and their translocation to grains. Moreover, elevated activities of key starch synthases further enhanced starch biosynthesis and accumulation, which underpinned the improved yield and superior quality. We also identified that a minimum soil water potential of –10 to –15 kPa at a depth of 15–20 cm represents the optimal threshold for Mild AWD in rice production. This research provides a cultivation approach for synergistically producing high-yield, high-quality rice, which shows promising potential for scalable implementation.

Keywords: water-saving irrigation biochar rice yield quality

Received: 27 September 2025 Accepted: 24 December 2025 Online: 10 February 2026

Fund:

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32372214), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD2300304), the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund, China (CX(23)1035), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China (PAPD-2020-01), the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, China (GRF 12101722, 12102423, and 12105824), and the Top Talent Supporting Program of Yangzhou University, China.

About author: #Correspondence Weiyang Zhang, E-mail: wyz@yzu.edu.cn

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Haotian Chen, Yunyi Gu, Shengkai Yang, Xiaohan Zhong, Meijie Jia, Wei Cai, Kuanyu Zhu, Junfei Gu, Kaifeng Huang, Hao Zhang, Zhiqin Wang, Zujian Zhang, Lijun Liu, Jianhua Zhang, Weiyang Zhang. 2026. Co-applying mild alternate wetting and drying with biochar synergistically improves rice yield and quality. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 25(9): 3595-3608.

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