Faster and greater wheat production governed by LED light in controlled environment agriculture

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.03.019

Journal of Integrative Agriculture

2026, Vol. 25

Issue (10): 4090-4101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.03.019

Crop Science

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Faster and greater wheat production governed by LED light in controlled environment agriculture

Xiaolei Guo^{1, 2, 3}, Zhimin Wang², Mingjie Li¹, Zhongyi Zhang¹, Xuzhang Xue^3#, Yinghua Zhang^2#, Li Gu^1#

¹College of Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China

²College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

³National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China

Highlights
● Wheat can complete its life cycle and produce seeds in a controlled environment with light-emitting diode (LED) lighting.
● Long-day conditions combined with a spectrum rich in red light contributed to faster and greater wheat production.
● Red light improved grain number per spike and yield by enhancing the carbohydrate supply and accelerating pollen development within the shortened growth time.

Abstract
References

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摘要

小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）在保障全球粮食安全中发挥着重要的作用，但田间种植受限于土地资源和环境条件，通常每年只能成熟一次，且产量波动较大，限制了其改良速度，难以满足未来的粮食需求。为探究受控环境中小麦生长发育和产量建成的潜力，本试验利用植物工厂，以“永良4号”春小麦为材料，设置了5种光处理，分别为12 h光照+白光质（P12W），17 h光照+白光质（P17W），22 h光照+白光质（P22W），22 h光照+红：绿：蓝光质=6:3:2（P22RGB）和22 h光照+红：蓝光质=6:1（P22RB）。结果表明，在受控环境中，小麦可完成其生命周期，其中，延长光照时间（从12 h到17 h再到22 h）能够加速小麦的发育，特别是缩短花前生长阶段所需的时间。但不容忽视的，延长光照时间，尤其P22W处理，会导致光胁迫加剧，不仅影响小麦株高、茎数等外观形态和干物质积累，而且缩短的花前生长阶段阻碍了花粉的持续发育，造成穗粒数和产量的显著降低。有趣地，在长光照条件下增加红光（如P22RB处理）能够改善干物质积累、增加碳水化合物向生殖组织的转运以及加快孢粉素的生物合成，有助于小麦植株形态和籽粒产量的恢复。总体而言，在受控环境中采用P17W和P22RB处理为代表的优化光制度，每年可生产5~6代小麦，产量达到3.16~5.87 kg m⁻² yr⁻¹，是大田种植的3.59~6.68倍。因此，在受控环境中采用适宜的LED光制度是实现小麦“早熟和高产”双重目标协同的有效途径。

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major food crop grown worldwide. However, field-grown wheat is generally restricted to only one generation per year and has a fluctuating yield, which limits wheat improvement and will fail to meet future food demands. To minimize the generation time and increase total annual wheat production, five light regimens with varying day lengths and spectral distributions - 12 h light/12 h dark+white light (P12W), 17 h light/7 h dark+white light (P17W), 22 h light/2 h dark+white light (P22W), 22 h light/2 h dark+red:green:blue light at 6:3:2 (P22RGB), and 22 h light/2 h dark+red:blue light at 6:1 (P22RB) - were developed by adjusting the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in a controlled environment. The results showed that controlled wheat cultivation under LED lighting with varying day lengths and spectral distributions can potentially provide “faster” and “greater” grain production. Prolonging the day length (from 12 to 17 h and then to 22 h) accelerated wheat development, particularly shortening the duration before flowering, and the longer the prolonged time, the earlier the flowering. However, a 22 h day length (e.g., the P22W treatment) affected plant morphological traits, reduced dry matter accumulation, and resulted in a loss of yield-related components due to increased stress and disrupted pollen development. Surprisingly, regulating the spectral distribution toward the red-light region under long-day conditions (e.g., the P22RB treatment) could partially restore the grain yield of wheat. The light regime with a rich red-light region contributed to greater dry matter accumulation, carbohydrate flow to reproductive tissues, and sporopollenin biosynthesis, resulting in improved plant morphology and grain yield. Collectively, the optimized light regimes represented by the P17W and P22RB treatments in controlled environment agriculture can produce 5–6 generations of wheat per year, yielding 3.16–5.87 kg m^–2 yr^–1, which is 3.59–6.68 times higher than field cultivation. Thus, using appropriate LED light regimens is a favorable way to achieve rapid generation cycling and high productivity in controlled wheat cultivation.

Keywords: day length developmental rate spectral distribution wheat yield components

Received: 22 December 2024 Accepted: 26 January 2025 Online: 22 March 2025

Fund:

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32472227), the National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Agricultural Internet of Things, China (PT2022-23), and the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-3).

About author: #Correspondence Xuzhang Xue, E-mail: xuexz1967@163.com; Yinghua Zhang, E-mail: yhzhang@cau.edu.cn; Li Gu, E-mail: guli5101@163.com

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Xiaolei Guo, Zhimin Wang, Mingjie Li, Zhongyi Zhang, Xuzhang Xue, Yinghua Zhang, Li Gu. 2026. Faster and greater wheat production governed by LED light in controlled environment agriculture. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 25(10): 4090-4101.

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