Please wait a minute...
Journal of Integrative Agriculture
Advanced Online Publication | Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search
Residual nitrogen exhibits lower stability and greater influence on wheat yield formation compared to phosphorus and potassium in drylands of the Loess Plateau1

Yufeng Wang1, Zixuan Chang1, Jiayu Wang1, Tingliang Li1, 2#, Zhiping Yang1, 2#

 1 College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China

2 Soil Health Laboratory in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030031, China

 Highlights 

l NO3-N and light fraction organic N (LFON) influenced wheat yield formation through regulation of spike number and kernels per spike.

Prolonged N deficiency decreased both soil labile and recalcitrant N fractions.

l P and K deficiency predominantly affected labile fractions of soil P and K.

l Soil residual N pool demonstrated lower stability compared to P and K pools

Download:  PDF in ScienceDirect  
Export:  BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      
摘要  

2015年,中国实施了化肥使用量零增长行动方案。此后,针对化肥过量施用问题,研究重点主要集中在化肥减量有机替代方面,而对因前期过量施肥导致的土壤残留养分的持续供应能力关注相对不足。为进一步探究作物生产过程中土壤残留养分的转化动态与持续供应能力,本研究基于黄土高原旱地小麦种植区6定位试验,系统分析了农户施肥(FF)、监控施肥(RF)、监控施肥缺氮(RF-N)、监控施肥缺磷(RF-P)及监控施肥缺钾(RF-K5处理下小麦产量形成、土壤氮磷钾组分变化及其稳定性特征,并分析了产量与养分动态之间的关系。研究结果表明,小麦产量对养分缺失的敏感性表现为N>P>K。在整个试验期间,不施氮处理(RF-N)的小麦平均产量较RF处理显著降低22.0%P<0.05)。相应地,该处理下土壤矿质态氮、轻组有机氮(LFON)和重组有机氮(HFON)含量相较于试验初始土壤(2018年)及RF处理均呈逐步下降趋势;而可溶性有机氮(DON)与易氧化态有机氮(EON)因氮组分内部转化作用,呈现先下降后上升的变化特征。连续6年不施磷肥(RF-P)条件下,土壤中水溶态磷(H2O-P)、碳酸氢钠态磷(NaHCO3-P)和氢氧化钠态磷(NaOH-P)较RF处理分别降低了40.0%51.5%10.3%,而盐酸态磷(HCl-P)、残渣态磷(residual P)及总磷(total P)无显著变化。连续6不施钾处理(RF-K条件下,土壤水溶性钾(WSK)含量较RF处理下降10.9%,但交换态钾(EK)、非交换态钾(NEK)、矿物态钾(MK)及总钾(TK)均未发生显著变化。总体表明,土壤残留养分持续供应过程中,氮库的稳定性低于磷和钾。进一步分析发现,硝态氮(NO3-N)与轻组有机氮(LFON)显著影响旱地小麦穗数与穗粒数,从而驱动产量形成。本研究深化了对土壤残留养分持续供应能力的理解为旱地农业生态系统施肥策略优化提供理论依据



Abstract  

Following the implementation of China's "Zero-Growth Action Plan on Fertilizers" in 2015, research has predominantly focused on replacing synthetic fertilizers with organic amendments to address over-fertilization concerns. However, insufficient attention has been given to the sustainable supply capacity of soil residual nutrients accumulated from previous over-fertilization. To investigate the transformation dynamics and supply capacity of residual nutrients during crop production, a 6-year field experiment was conducted in the dryland wheat growing region of China's Loess Plateau. Five treatments were established: farmer's fertilization (FF), regulated fertilization (RF), regulated fertilization without N (RF-N), regulated fertilization without P (RF-P), and regulated fertilization without K (RF-K). The study examined wheat yield formation, variations and stability of soil N, P, and K fractions, and their correlations with yield. Results indicated that wheat yield sensitivity to nutrient deficiency followed the sequence N>P>K. During the six-year period, the average yield under RF-N decreased by 22.0% compared to RF, showing statistical significance (P<0.05). Mineral N, light fraction organic N (LFON), and heavy fraction organic N (HFON) in RF-N showed progressive decline relative to RF and initial 2018 levels. Dissolved organic N (DON) and easily oxidizable organic N (EON) in RF-N initially decreased but subsequently increased due to N fraction transformations. Under RF-P, H2O-P, NaHCO3-P, and NaOH-P levels decreased by 40.0, 51.5, and 10.3% respectively (P<0.05) compared to the RF treatment, while HCl-P, residual P, and total P (TP) remained stable. The absence of K application (RF-K) reduced water-soluble K (WSK) by 10.9% (P<0.05), whereas exchangeable K (EK), non-exchangeable K (NEK), mineral K (MK), and total K (TK) showed no significant changes compared to the RF treatment. These findings demonstrated that the soil nitrogen pool exhibits lower stability compared to phosphorus and potassium pools during continuous residual nutrient supply. Notably, NO3-N and LFON significantly influenced spike number and kernels per spike, driving yield formation. This research advances our understanding of sustained residual nutrient supply capacity in soil and provides theoretical foundations for optimizing fertilization strategies in dryland agroecosystems.

Keywords:  dryland wheat       yield formation       soil nutrient fractions       soil residual nutrient supply capacity       calcareous soil  
Online: 26 September 2025  
Fund: 

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD1900402 and 2021YFD1900700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42377356), and the special fund for Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province (202304051001042).

About author:  Yufeng Wang, E-mail: luckytll@yeah.net; #Correspondence Tingliang Li, E-mail: litingliang021@126.com; Zhiping Yang, E-mail: yzpsx0208@163.com

Cite this article: 

Yufeng Wang, Zixuan Chang, Jiayu Wang, Tingliang Li, Zhiping Yang. 2025. Residual nitrogen exhibits lower stability and greater influence on wheat yield formation compared to phosphorus and potassium in drylands of the Loess Plateau1. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.09.029

Babar S, Baloch A, Qasim M, Wang J Y, Wang X L, Li Y X, Khalid S, Jiang C C. 2024. Unearthing the soil-bacteria nexus to enhance potassium bioavailability for global sustainable agriculture: A mechanistic preview. Microbiological Research, 288, 127885.

Biassoni M M, Vivas H, Guti´errez-Boem F H, Salvagiotti F. 2023. Changes in soil phosphorus (P) fractions and P bioavailability after 10 years of continuous P fertilization. Soil and Tillage Research, 232, 10577.  

Bremner J M. 1965. Total nitrogen. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, USA. pp.11491178.

Brödlin D, Kaiser K, Kessler A, Hagedorn F. 2019. Drying and rewetting foster phosphorus depletion of forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 128, 2234.

Cao N, Zhi M L, Zhao W Q, Pang J Y, Hu W, Zhou Z G, Meng Y L. 2022. Straw retention combined with phosphorus fertilizer promotes soil phosphorus availability by enhancing soil P-related enzymes and the abundance of phoC and phoD genes. Soil & Tillage Research, 220, 105390.

Chai Y W, Chai Q, Han F X, Li Y W, Ma J T, Li R, Cheng H B, Chang L, Chai S X. 2022. Increasing yields while reducing soil nutrient accumulation by straw strip mulching in the dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system of Northwest China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 326, 107797.

Chan H L, Lam S K, Chen D L, Tang C X, Chen Q L, Roessner U, Hu H W. 2025. Nitrogen deficiency drives fungal compositional shifts without functional changes in wheat rhizosphere. Rhizosphere, 33, 101030.

Channab B E, Tayi F, Aqlil M, Akil A, Essamlali Y, Chakir A, Zahouily M. 2024. Graphene oxide, starch, and kraft lignin bio-nanocomposite controlled-release phosphorus fertilizer: Effect on P management and maize growth. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 282, 137190.

Chen X D, Wang Y, Guo B, Liu J L, Qiu G Y, Yakov K, Li H. 2025. Long-term green manuring increases phosphorus availability in soil by modifying microbial functional genes and enzyme activities. Applied Soil Ecology, 213, 106284.

Chen Y M, Xu X, Jiao X G, Sui Y Y, Liu X B, Zhang J Y, Zhou K, Zhang J M. 2018. Responses of labile organic nitrogen fractions and enzyme activities in eroded mollisols after 8-year manure amendment. Scientific Reports, 8, 14179.

Cheng L, Cui H, Ou Y, Wang L X, Bao M W. 2024. Redistribution of phosphorus fraction driven by organic carbon and microbial community during composting. Journal of Environmental Management, 370, 123003.

Chuan L M, He P, Jin J Y, Li S T, Grant C, Xu X P, Qiu S J, Zhao S C, Zhou W. 2013. Estimating nutrient uptake requirements for wheat in China. Field Crops Research, 146, 96–104.

Cross A F, Schlesinger W H. 1995. A literature review and evaluation of the Hedley fractionation: Applications to the biogeochemical cycle of soil phosphorus in natural ecosystems. Geoderma, 64, 197–214. 

Dai J, Bean B, Brown B, Bruening W, Edwards J, Flowers M, Karow R, Lee C, Morgan G, Ottman M, Ransom J, Wiersma J. 2016. Harvest index and straw yield of five classes of wheat. Biomass and Bioenergy, 85, 223227.

Ding J P, Li J H, Liu J H, Zhang W F, Jia X P. 2022. ICT-based agricultural advisory services and nitrogen management practices: A case study of wheat production in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2117991811.

Dou Y X, Zhao H B, Yang H M, Wang T, Liu G F, Wang Z H, Malhi S. 2024. The first factor affecting dryland winter wheat grain yield under various mulching measures: Spike number. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 23, 836848.

Gao X L, Li X G, Zhao L, Kuzyakov Y. 2021. Shrubs magnify soil phosphorus depletion in Tibetan meadows: Conclusions from C: N:P stoichiometry and deep soil profiles. Science of the Total Environment, 785, 147320.

He P, Yang L P, Xu X P, Zhao S C, Chen F, Li S T, Tu S H, Jin J Y, Johnston A M. 2015. Temporal and spatial variation of soil available potassium in China (1990–2012). Field Crops Research, 173, 4956.

Hedley M J, Stewart J W B, Chauhan B. 1982. Changes in inorganic and organic soil phosphorus fractions induced by cultivation practices and by laboratory incubations. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 46, 970976.

Hinsinger P, Plassard C, Tang C, Jaillard B. 2003. Origins of root-mediated pH changes in the rhizosphere and their responses to environmental constraints: A review. Plant Soil, 248, 43–59.

Huo W G, Chai X F, Wang X H, William D B, Kafle A, Gu F. 2022. Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play a role in phosphorus depletion in organic manure amended high fertility soil. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21, 30513066.

Jadav K, Durgam M, Perli M, Mailapalli D R. 2024. Phosphorus transport modeling in soils treated with nano-phosphorus fertilizers. Plant Nano Biology, 10, 100112.

Jiang H M, Li S S, Zhang J F, Yang J C, Li L L, Zhang S Q, Guo J M, Liu L, Xie Y Q, Wang F Y. 2014. Transformation of external chemical nitrogen in soil organic nitrogen fractions and their relationship. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 20, 1421–1430. (in Chinese)

Jin Z X, Wang J F, Chen J G, Zhang R X, Li Y, Lu Y T, He K K. 2020. Identifying the sources of nitrate in a small watershed using δ15N-δ18O isotopes of nitrate in the Kelan Reservoir, Guangxi, China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 297, 106936.

Khan A, Yang X Y, Sun B H, Zhang S L, He B H. 2023. Responses of crop and soil phosphorus fractions to long-term fertilization regimes in a loess soil in northwest China. Agronomy, 13, 3072.

Li C, Ma X, Wang Y, Sun Q, Chen M S, Zhang C S, Ding S M, Dai Z H. 2024. Root-mediated acidification, phosphatase activity and the phosphorus-cycling microbial community enhance phosphorus mobilization in the rhizosphere of wetland plants. Water Research, 255, 121548.

Li T L, Xie Y H, Gao Z Q, Hong J P, Li L, Meng H S, Ma H M, Jia J X. 2019.Year-round film mulching system with monitored fertilization management improve grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiencies of winter wheat in the dryland of the Loess Plateau, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 9524–9535.

Li Z L, Zhang W T, Qiu L X, Pan T L, Zheng W K, Kong B, Wang H L, Li C L, Liu Z G, Zhang M. 2021. Physiological-biochemical responses of wheat to blending controlled-release potassium chloride and soluble potassium chloride. Soil & Tillage Research, 212, 105058.

Liu J, Sui P, Cade-Menun B J, Hu Y F, Yang J J, Huang S M, Ma Y B. 2019. Molecular-level understanding of phosphorus transformation with long-term phosphorus addition and depletion in an alkaline soil. Geoderma, 353, 116124.

Liu Y, Gao J P, Zhong M, Chen L Q, Zhang W Z. 2024. Effects of phosphorus and potassium supply on photosynthetic nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen absorption, and nitrogen utilization of hydroponic rice. Agronomy, 14, 1726.

Liu Z J, Yuan X H, Zhang Z X, Yang X Y, Ai C, Wang Z H, Fan Q L, Xu X P. 2025. Revisiting potassium-induced impacts on crop production and soil fertility based on thirty-three Chinese long-term experiments. Field Crops Research, 322, 109732.

Liu Z P, Shao M A, Wang Y Q. 2013. Spatial patterns of soil total nitrogen and soil total phosphorus across the entire Loess Plateau region of China. Geoderma, 197198, 6778.

Lopez G, Ahmadi S H, Amelung W, Athmann M, Ewert F, Gaiser T, Gocke M I, Kautz T, Postma J, Rachmilevitch S, Schaaf G, Schnepf A, Stoschus A, Watt M, Yu P, Seidel S J. 2023. Nutrient deficiency effects on root architecture and root-to-shoot ratio in arable crops. Frontier in Plant Science, 13, 1067498.

Muqaddas B, Lewis T, Esfandbod M, Chen C R. 2019. Responses of labile soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools to long-term prescribed burning regimes in a wet sclerophyll forest of southeast Queensland, Australia. Science of the Total Environment, 647, 110–120.

Quan Z, Huang B, Lu C Y, Shi Y, Chen X, Zhou J B, Fang Y T. 2018. Formation of extractable organic nitrogen in an agricultural soil: A 15N labeling study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 118, 161165.

Ros G H, Hoffland E, Temminghoff E J M. 2010. Dynamics of dissolved and extractable organic nitrogen upon soil amendment with crop residues. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42, 2094–2101.

Shao W Y, Wang Q Z, Guan Q Y, Luo H P, Ma Y R, Zhang J. 2022. Distribution of soil available nutrients and their response to environmental factors based on path analysis model in arid and semi-arid area of northwest China. Science of the Total Environment, 827, 154254.

Sequeira C H, Alley M M, Jones B P. 2011. Evaluation of potentially labile soil organic carbon and nitrogen fractionation procedures. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 43, 438–444.

Tiessen H J W B, Stewart J W B, Cole C V. 1984. Pathways of phosphorus transformations in soils of differing pedogenesis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 48, 853858.

Wan S Z, Lin G G, Liu B, Ding Y D, Li S L, Mao R. 2022. Contrasting responses of soil phosphorus pool and bioavailability to alder expansion in a boreal peatland, Northeast China. Catena, 212, 106128.

Wang C W, Xie Y K, Tan Z X. 2024. Soil potassium depletion in global cereal croplands and its implications. Science of the Total Environment, 907, 167875.

Wang H Y, Zhou J M, Du C W, Chen X Q. 2010. Potassium fractions in soils as affected by monocalcium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium chloride application. Pedosphere, 20, 368–377.

Wang M J, Feng X Q, Zhou Z Y, Ma H Y, Ge T D, Tang C X, Wang D Y, Chen S. 2024. Labile organic carbon fractions in the rhizosphere contribute to nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in rice under long-term crop rotations and nitrogen application. Applied Soil Ecology, 200, 105459.

Wang M M, Zhang S, Wang G C, Xiao L J, Gu B J, Zheng M H, Niu S L, Yang Y H, Luo Y Q, Zhang G L, Shi Z, Luo Z K. 2025. Increased plant productivity exacerbates subsoil carbon losses under warming via nitrogen mining. Nature Geoscience, 18, 510517.

Wang X, Sheng L X, Li Y, Jiang H B, Lv Z Y, Qi W, Luo W B. 2022. Soil labile organic carbon indicating seasonal dynamics of soil organic carbon in northeast peatland. Ecological Indicators, 138, 108847.

Wen J L, Li Z Y, Yao J F, Wang S, Liu Y, Liu Y. 2024. The combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers improved the quality of colored wheat by physicochemical properties and rheological characteristics of starch. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 282, 137175.

Wu H Q, Du S Y, Zhang Y L, An J, Zou H T, Zhang Y L, Yu N. 2019. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on greenhouse soil organic nitrogen fractions and soil-soluble nitrogen pools. Agricultural Water Management, 216, 415–424.

Wu Y, Zhao D Y, Wang Y H, Wang J P, Wu Y Y, Peng P H, Yang L Y, Wu Y H, Bing H J, Bol R. 2024. Plant species modulate wildfire effects on soil phosphorus fractions in alpine forest of Eastern Tibetan Plateau. Forest Ecology and Management, 573, 122338.

Xia H, Wang J Y, Riaz M, Babar S, Li Y X, Wang X L, Xia X Y, Liu B, Jiang C C. 2024. Co-application of biochar and potassium fertilizer improves soil potassium availability and microbial utilization of organic carbon: A four-year study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 469, 143211.

Xue H P, Zhou X, Chen Y Y, Tu L Y, Liu X Q, Jiang S W, Ji M, Leng C R, Shen Y A. 2025. Effects of historical dust-mediated atmospheric phosphorus deposition on phosphorus fractions in sediments and primary productivity of Dalongwan Maar Lake, Northeast China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 660, 112679.

Yang C D, Zhang S H, Tan G Y, Zhu S Q, Wang J. 2024. Effects of cover crops and nitrogen fertilization on soil physical properties, carbon and nitrogen fractions, and winter wheat yield in the Chinese Loess Plateau: A 4-year field experiment. Field Crops Research, 312, 109400.

Yang H K, Xiao Y, Zhang X, Huang X L, Fan G Q. 2022. Maize straw mulching with uniconazole application increases the tillering capacity and grain yield of dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Field Crops Research, 284, 108573.

Yang W J, Yu J, Li Y H, Jia B L, Jiang L G, Yuan A J, Ma Y, Huang M, Cao H B, Liu J S, Qiu W H, Wang Z H. 2024. Optimized NPK fertilizer recommendations based on topsoil available nutrient criteria for wheat in drylands of China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 23, 2421–2433.

Yuan S, Li R N, Zhang Y J, Luan H A, Tang J W, Wang L Y, Ji H J, Huang S W. 2024. Effects of long-term partial substitution of inorganic fertilizer with pig manure and/or straw on nitrogen fractions and microbiological properties in greenhouse vegetable soils. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 23, 2083–2098.

Yuan Z X, Guan Q W, Chen X L, Zou P J, Gu Y Q, Wu Q, Niu Y Y, Meshack A O. 2023. Tree diversity increases soil C and N stocks of secondary forests in subtropical China. Catena, 222, 106812.

Zeng W J, Wang Z D, Chen X Y, Yao X D, Ma Z Q, Wang W. 2023. Nitrogen deficiency accelerates soil organic carbon decomposition in temperate degraded grasslands, Science of the Total Environment881, 163424.

Zhai L C, Wang Z B, Zhai Y C, Zhang L H, Zheng M J, Yao H P, Lv L H, Shen H P, Zhang J T, Yao Y R, Jia X L. 2022. Partial substitution of chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer benefits grain yield, water use efficiency, and economic return of summer maize. Soil & Tillage Research, 217, 105287.

Zhang F, Chen M R, Xing Y Y, Han J, Wang X K. 2025. Reduction of nitrogen fertilizer and simultaneously application of organic fertilizer optimizes yield, water productivity and nitrogen metabolism of spring maize by improving soil properties in the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 19, 101634.

Zhang L H, Li J H, Chen S, Huang W L, Huang L L, Zhu H F, Tang Y X, Li H, You C M, Wang L X, Liu S N, Xu H W, Xu L, Tan B, Xu Z F, Zhu P, Yuan Y L, Yin R, Zhu Y W, Zhang L. 2025. Dynamics of soil phosphorus fractions during the early recovery stage of two typical plantations in China after strip clearcutting. Catena, 250, 108767.

Zhang M Y, Riaz M, Liu B, Xia H., El-desouki Z, Jiang C C. 2020. Two-year study of biochar: Achieving excellent capability of potassium supply via alter clay mineral composition and potassium-dissolving bacteria activity. Science of the Total Environment, 717, 137286.

Zhang Y Z, Resch M C, Schütz M, Liao Z Y, Frey B, Risch A C. 2024. Strengthened plant-microorganism interaction after topsoil removal cause more deterministic microbial assembly processes and increased soil nitrogen mineralization. Science of the Total Environment, 950, 175031.

Zhang Z G, Wang J, Huang W B, Chen J L, Wu F Q, Jia Y Y, Han Y C, Wang G P, Feng L, Li X F, Lei Y P, Yang B F, Xiong S W, Xin M H, Li Y B, Wang Z B. 2022. Cover crops and N fertilization affect soil ammonia volatilization and N2O emission by regulating the soil labile carbon and nitrogen fractions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 340, 108188.

Zhang Z T, Luo R Y, Liu Q H, Qiang W, Liang J, Hou E Q, Zhao C Z, Pang X Y. 2023. Linking soil phosphorus fractions to abiotic factors and the microbial community during subalpine secondary succession: Implications for soil phosphorus availability. Catena, 233, 107501. 

Zhao J, Ren T, Fang Y T, Zhang S T, Cong R H, Li X K, Lu Z F, Zhu J, Lu J W. 2025. Soil organic nitrogen sequestrated more in oilseed rape-rice rotation than in wheat-rice rotation under different fertilizations. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 381, 109445.

Zhao S C, He P, Qiu S J, Jia L L, Liu M C, Jin J Y, Johnston A M. 2014. Long-term effects of potassium fertilization and straw return on soil potassium levels and crop yields in north-central China. Field Crops Research, 169, 116–122.

Zhao Y N, Mao X X, Zhang M S, Yang W, Di H J, Ma L, Liu W J, Li B W. 2021. The application of Bacillus Megaterium alters soil microbial community composition, bioavailability of soil phosphorus and potassium, and cucumber growth in the plastic shed system of North China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 307, 107236.

Zhong Y Q W, Yan W M, Shangguan Z P. 2015. Soil carbon and nitrogen fractions in the soil profile and their response to long-term nitrogen fertilization in a wheat field. Catena, 135, 3846.

Zhou J Y, Gu B J, Schlesinger W H, Ju X T. 2016. Significant accumulation of nitrate in Chinese

Semi-humid croplands. Scientific Reports, 6, 25088.

Zhou Q W, Yan W M, Shanguan Z P. 2015. Soil carbon and nitrogen fractions in the soil profile and their response to long-term nitrogen fertilization in a wheat field. Catena, 135, 3846.

Zhu J, Li M, Whelan M. 2018. Phosphorus activators contribute to legacy phosphorus availability in agricultural soils: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 612, 522–537.

Zuo H L, Xu W S, Liu Z Y, Smaill S J, Zhou X Q. 2023. Long-term plant diversity increases soil extractable organic carbon and nitrogen contents in a subtropical forest. Science of the Total Environment, 878, 163118.

[1] Wenjie Yang, Jie Yu, Yanhang Li, Bingli Jia, Longgang Jiang, Aijing Yuan, Yue Ma, Ming Huang, Hanbing Cao, Jinshan Liu, Weihong Qiu, Zhaohui Wang. Optimized NPK fertilizer recommendations based on topsoil available nutrient criteria for wheat in drylands of China[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2024, 23(7): 2421-2433.
[2] Qiuyan Yan, Linjia Wu, Fei Dong, Shuangdui Yan, Feng Li, Yaqin Jia, Jiancheng Zhang, Ruifu Zhang, Xiao Huang.

Subsoil tillage enhances wheat productivity, soil organic carbon and available nutrient status in dryland fields [J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2024, 23(1): 251-266.

[3] YU Xiao-jing, CHEN Qi, SHI Wen-cong, GAO Zheng, SUN Xiao, DONG Jing-jing, LI Juan, WANG Heng-tao, GAO Jian-guo, LIU Zhi-guang, ZHANG Min. Interactions between phosphorus availability and microbes in a wheat–maize double cropping system: a reduced fertilization scheme[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(3): 840-854.
[4] LIU Xue-jing, YIN Bao-zhong, HU Zhao-hui, BAO Xiao-yuan, WANG Yan-dong, ZHEN Wen-chao. Physiological response of flag leaf and yield formation of winter wheat under different spring restrictive irrigation regimes in the Haihe Plain, China[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(9): 2343-2359.
[5] CAO Han-bing, XIE Jun-yu, HONG Jie, WANG Xiang, HU Wei, HONG Jian-ping. Organic matter fractions within macroaggregates in response to long-term fertilization in calcareous soil after reclamation[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(6): 1636-1648.
[6] HU Qun, JIANG Wei-qin, QIU Shi, XING Zhi-peng, HU Ya-jie, GUO Bao-wei, LIU Guo-dong, GAO Hui, ZHANG Hong-cheng, WEI Hai-yan. Effect of wide-narrow row arrangement in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting and plant density on yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 19(5): 1197-1214.
[7] CHANG Hui-qing, WANG Qi-zhen, LI Zhao-jun, WU Jie, XU Xiao-feng, SHI Zhao-yong.
The effects of calcium combined with chitosan amendment on the bioavailability of exogenous Pb in calcareous soil
[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 19(5): 1375-1386.
[8] NIE Jun-jun, YUAN Yan-chao, QIN Du-lin, LIU Yan-hui, WANG Shuang-lei, LI Jin-pu, ZHANG Mei-ling, ZHAO Na, GUO Wen-jun, QI Jie, MAO Li-li, SONG Xian-liang, SUN Xue-zhen . Spatial distribution of bolls affects yield formation in different genotypes of Bt cotton varieties[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2019, 18(11): 2492-2504.
[9] YANG Guo-hang, ZHU Guang-yun, LI He-lian, HAN Xue-mei, LI Ju-mei, MA Yi-bing. Accumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in a soil-wheat/ maize system with long-term sewage sludge amendments[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(08): 1861-1870.
[10] HU Ya-jie, WU Pei, ZHANG Hong-cheng, DAI Qi-gen, HUO Zhong-yang, XU Ke, GAO Hui, WEI Hai-yan, GUO Bao-wei, CUI Pei-yuan. Comparison of agronomic performance between inter-sub-specific hybrid and inbred japonica rice under different mechanical transplanting methods[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(04): 806-816.
[11] LIANG Feng, LI Gui-tong, LIN Qi-mei , ZHAO Xiao-rong. Crop Yield and Soil Properties in the First 3 Years After Biochar Application to a Calcareous Soil[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2014, 13(3): 525-532.
[12] ZHANG Yi-kai, CHEN Fan-jun, CHEN Xiao-chao, LONG Li-zhi, GAO Kun, YUAN Li-xing, ZHANG Fu-suo, MI Guo-hua. Genetic Improvement of Root Growth Contributes to Efficient Phosphorus Acquisition in maize (Zea mays L.)[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2013, 12(6): 1098-1111.
No Suggested Reading articles found!